A Clockwork Orange, by Stanley Kubrick Essay -- Film Analysis

A Clockwork Orange is a Stanley Kubrick film from 1971. Kubrick directed the film and wrote the screen play based on the 1962 novel from indite Anthony Burgess. A Clockwork Orange was originally rated, X and nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Screenplay, but lost in from each one category to William Friedkins The French Connection (filmsite.org). The set design is by privy Barry, costume design by Milena Canonero, music by Wendy Carlos and cinematography by John Alcott. A Clockwork Orange was awarded the New York Film Critics Awards for Best Film and Best Direction (FilmReference.com). Distributed by Warner Brothers, the estimated budget was $2,200,000 with a Gross of $26,589,355 in the USA alone(predicate) (IMDb.com). Most notable of the cast are actors Malcolm McDowell, Patrick Magee and Michael Bates. According to film critic James Berardinelli, A Clockwork Orange is not an easy motion picture to seize on or digest. Oddly, the sex and violence are easier to take than the razor-sharp edge of Kubricks satire and the corresponding awareness of its pinpoint accuracy when addressing the issue of the dehumanization of tribe (Berardinelli). Roger Ebert thought the movie was overhyped compared to its worth. He felt that the movie was an artistic sin. It is just plain talky and boring. You know theres something wrong with a movie when the last tierce feels like the last half (Rogerebert.com). The audience reactions all seem to say the same thing Brilliant movie, a gem of an art theme, sensational, the number one film of all time on my charts(IMDb Reviews), with many claiming that it has to be watched more than once to truly appreciate the film. The movie has acquire a 91% Certified Fresh ra... ...D=/19720211/REVIEWS/202110301/1023.The Kubrick FAQ Part 2. Visual-memory.co.uk. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. .IMDb Reviews. IMDb.com. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. .Flame into Being The Life and Work of D. H. Lawrence (Heinemann, London 1 985) Anthony Burgess, p 205Bugge, Christian. The Kubrick Site The ACO Controversy in the UK. Visual-memory.co.uk. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. .Kipp, Jeremiah. A Clockwork Orange. Slant Magazine. Slant Magazine. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. .A Clockwork Orange (1971). A Clockwork Orange. Web. 08 Apr. 2012. .http//movies.netflix.com/WiMovie/A_Clockwork_Orange/383466?trkid=2361637

love Essay -- essays research papers

Love (l v) n. deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness. A feeling of intense desire and attraction toward a person with whom one is devoted to make a pair the emotion of sex and romance. (Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc). There are many different definitions of love. To each person it is different, but or so agree it is one of the most important emotions to the each creature on this earth. There are also many different forms of love. For instance, love for your family versus love for a mate. Itis still a mystery to most people why people do crazy things for love, or why peoplefeel love conquers every last(predicate).Definitions of love go as far as Greek mythology. For example, the story of Cupid and His mortal Bride Psyche. There are many explanations on how love exactly came to tight what it does. According to John Lee there are 6 different types of love. 1. Erotic love romantic, sexual irrational, and largely based on physical attraction. 2. manic love intense, all consuming, possessive, and fluctuating between joy and despair. 3. Ludic love egoistic, self-serving, competitive, and based on an unequal relationship between one partner who is highly attached and another who is emotionally uninvolved. 4. Pragm...

Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- Religion Philosop

Division Between Ancient and Modern Science IntroductionPower has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing new-made science and ancient science. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earning ends. In ancient science the charm of health, wealth, and eternal life charmed some an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death (Coudert 35), while new-made society itself has embraced scientific phylogeny with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.This essay will discuss differences in motives which have determined ancient and mode rn science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church.Knowledge handiness ancient secrets vs. modern club knowledgeTo begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. interpersonal chemistry was from its origins a secret device (Roberts 66) secrecy was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as such knowledge was a valuable commodit... ...Read, John. Through Alchemy to Chemistry A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London G. Bell, 1957.Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From antiquity to the Seventeenth Ce ntury. Buffalo U. of Toronto, 1994.Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and kindly Change. Boston Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works ConsultedSazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 1991.Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy Preliminary Studies. Cambridge Harvard, 1968.Thorndike, Lynn. History of put-on & Experimental Science. Vol. 1 tender York Colombia, 1964.Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y. Rudolf Steiner, 1970.Wilson, David A. Alchemy Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C. Lorien House, 1988. Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- faith PhilosopDivision Between Ancient and Modern Science IntroductionPower has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern science and ancient science. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earni ng ends. In ancient science the lure of health, wealth, and eternal life charmed many an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death (Coudert 35), while modern society itself has embraced scientific development with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between scie nce and the church.Knowledge Accessibility ancient secrets vs. modern community knowledgeTo begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. Alchemy was from its origins a secret art (Roberts 66) secrecy was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as such knowledge was a valuable commodit... ...Read, John. Through Alchemy to Chemistry A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London G. Bell, 1957.Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Buffalo U. of Toronto, 1994.Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and Social Change. Boston Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works ConsultedSazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 1991.Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy Preliminary Studies. Cambridge Harvard, 1968.T horndike, Lynn. History of Magic & Experimental Science. Vol. 1 New York Colombia, 1964.Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y. Rudolf Steiner, 1970.Wilson, David A. Alchemy Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C. Lorien House, 1988.

The Economics Behind Climatic Change and Weather Predictions Essay

Weather forecasting can be defined in so many ways one of such ways is the activity of scholarship and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future date and a given location. Although the concept of support forecasting seems exciting brave out forecasters be taken for granted people fail to realize that they have so much to contribute to the economy. Is it possible by any means to touch on hold predictions beyond one or two weeks. According to Matthew E. Kahn it has been proven, atmospheric scientists reports of long range climate forecast that are among the best that they have of all time had, been adapted to predict climate for up to six months in locomote.Long-range forecasts are usually for a blockage greater than seven days in advance but there are no absolute limits to the time. While short-range forecast is a bear forecast made for a time period up to 48 hours. The long range forecasts still have their limitations despite it s importance with the use of modern technology and improved techniques to predict the weather. For example, weather forecasts for at once or tomorrow are likely to be more accurate than predictions about the weather two weeks from now. People seem to have a affect to know whats going to happen farther in the future than the next few days. So some atmospheric scientists have developed assorted ways to give generalized outlooks of what to expect farther in the lead. But, these outlooks are different in several ways from regular daily forecasts. Outlooks for the weather in the months ahead do not attempt to firmly say that places will be warm or cold, wet or day. Instead, the outlooks are in terms of how the odds of a place been hot or cold will be shifted. Finally i... ...Works CitedCraft, Erik. Economic History of Weather Forecasting .EH.Net,Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. October 6, 2001. uniform resource locator http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/craft .weather.forcasting.historyAssessed, 10/21/2011J.D .Selman and C. Dennis Campden seasonal weather forecasting and the requirement of the food supply chain http//www.slideshare.net/Bobtb/seasonal-weather-forecasting-and-the-requirements-for-the assessed 10/21/2011trueness of weather forecast in time. http//www.timeanddate.com/weather/forecast-accuracy-time.htmlWilliam Jack, long range forecast have limitationWeather, May 19, 2005http//www.usatoday.com/weather/woutwhat.htmAssessed, 11/04/2011. The Economics Behind Climatic tilt and Weather Predictions Essay Weather forecasting can be defined in so many ways one of such ways is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Although the concept of weather forecasting seems exciting weather for ecasters are taken for granted people fail to realize that they have so much to contribute to the economy. Is it possible by any means to make weather predictions beyond one or two weeks. According to Matthew E. Kahn it has been proven, atmospheric scientists reports of long range climate forecast that are among the best that they have ever had, been able to predict climate for up to six months in advance.Long-range forecasts are usually for a period greater than seven days in advance but there are no absolute limits to the time. While short-range forecast is a weather forecast made for a time period up to 48 hours. The long range forecasts still have their limitations despite its importance with the use of modern technology and improved techniques to predict the weather. For example, weather forecasts for today or tomorrow are likely to be more accurate than predictions about the weather two weeks from now. People seem to have a need to know whats going to happen farther in the future than the next few days. So some atmospheric scientists have developed diverse ways to give generalized outlooks of what to expect farther ahead. But, these outlooks are different in several ways from regular daily forecasts. Outlooks for the weather in the months ahead do not attempt to firmly say that places will be warm or cold, wet or day. Instead, the outlooks are in terms of how the odds of a place been hot or cold will be shifted. Finally i... ...Works CitedCraft, Erik. Economic History of Weather Forecasting .EH.Net,Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. October 6, 2001. URL http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/craft.weather.forcasting.historyAssessed, 10/21/2011J.D .Selman and C. Dennis Campden seasonal weather forecasting and the requirement of the food supply chain http//www.slideshare.net/Bobtb/seasonal-weather-forecasting-and-the-requirements-for-the assessed 10/21/2011Accuracy of weather forecast in time. http//www.timeanddate.com/weather/forecast-accuracy-time.htmlWilliam Jack, long range forecast have limitationWeather, May 19, 2005http//www.usatoday.com/weather/woutwhat.htmAssessed, 11/04/2011.

Dead Poets Society :: essays research papers

"It was Mr Keatings blatant abuse of position as teacher that led directly to Neils death."We are asked to talk about the above statement after watching the movie "Dead Poets Society". This statement I feel is ridiculous and when I have finished this rise you will agree.The school was a dull, meaningless place where tradition and reputation was put before creativity and education. That was until Mr Keating, came to the school as an English teacher. He focussed around Poetry. He taught the boys to express themselves and do what they in their hearts valued to do, not what their parents wanted them to do.The boys found a photo of Mr Keating in an old annual with the caption under evinceing- "Alan Keating, Leader of the Dead Poets Society." The boys approached Mr Keating about what the DPS was. He told them they would sneak out at night and sit the old Indian cave and read brilliant poetry. Neil, one of the more energetic boys, suggested that their group con tinue this tradition, and they, in turn agreed.Mr Keating taught the boys to enjoy the poetry and let them speak out about what they wanted to be. He taught them to be individuals. But eventually allegations that he was responsible for Neils death came flying back at him.Neil wanted to be an actor. He was very equitable at it and performed in the local production of "A Midsummer Nights Dream". His give, however wanted him to be a doctor. After Neils superb performance his father rushed him home and told him that he was sending him to Military school for another ten years to stamp out any further ideas of his acting.Neil shot himself that night.Students, parents and teacher immediately looked for someone to blame and the headmaster, Mr Norton picked out Mr Keating as the unlucky scapegoat.

Dead Poets Society :: essays research papers

"It was Mr Keatings blatant abuse of position as teacher that led directly to Neils death."We are asked to discuss the above statement aft(prenominal) watching the movie "Dead Poets Society". This statement I feel is ridiculous and when I have finished this essay you will agree.The school was a dull, meaningless place where tradition and reputation was put before creativity and education. That was until Mr Keating, came to the school as an English teacher. He focused around Poetry. He taught the boys to prove themselves and do what they in their hearts wanted to do, not what their parents wanted them to do.The boys found a photo of Mr Keating in an old yearbook with the caption under reading- "Alan Keating, loss leader of the Dead Poets Society." The boys approached Mr Keating about what the DPS was. He told them they would sneak out at night and sit the old Indian cave and read brilliant poetry. Neil, one of the more(prenominal) energetic boys, suggested that their group continue this tradition, and they, in turn agreed.Mr Keating taught the boys to enjoy the poetry and let them speak out about what they wanted to be. He taught them to be individuals. precisely eventually allegations that he was responsible for Neils death came flying back at him.Neil wanted to be an actor. He was very good at it and performed in the local production of "A Midsummer Nights Dream". His father, however wanted him to be a doctor. After Neils superb performance his father rushed him home and told him that he was sending him to Military school for another ten years to stamp out any further ideas of his acting.Neil shot himself that night.Students, parents and teacher immediately looked for someone to file and the headmaster, Mr Norton picked out Mr Keating as the unlucky scapegoat.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The book Uncle Toms Cabin, which was first published between 1851 and 1852, was written by a renowned anti-slavery crusader and author, Harriet Beecher Stow and it was received with flattery and was also considered a masterpiece in its time. The author is accredited for writing a book that has been said to be a major contributor of the well-behaved War. The author herself grew up witnessing the passionate slavery debates and thus she held tight to her abolitionist ideologies. From the onset of the book it is clear that the author generally writes to convince the Northern readership on the need to end slavery.She exposes the horrors of the ongoing slavery that was predominant in the south. Stowe does not shy away from expressing her religious views by emphasizing the importance of Christian discern in order to tackle oppression. The author also in this book also propels her feminists views and thus portrays women as an equal gender in the society. One of the strengths that the book harbors is the impact it had on the society and also the understanding that one gains of the factors that led to the war.However, a weakness of the book can be be on the author herself since it can be argued that the authors limited experience of life in the southern area made her to have an wrong description of the region. However, looking at the strengths of the book it is easier to see how they outweigh the weaknesses. The book is hailed as one that captures the wild imagination of many Americans and its rich historical context of the events that led to the civil war portrays the book in good light.

Police in a Democratic Society Essay

Police operation in a democratic society is characterized by several features, such as the allowance of the exercise of caution time in the performance of official duties (Fairchild). Indeed, the use of discretion is a common feature in the exercise of parts by different practitioners in the field of wicked justice (Fairchild). The role of discretion in the criminal justice system is more critical than in any other discipline because it is here that the power of the state is aligned against the individual (Fairchild). For example, individuals face the possibility of loss of life, liberty and property as a consequence of conviction or mere direction of the commission of a crime (Fairchild). Among the practitioners who are given discretion in the criminal justice system are correctional staff, police officers, and court-related personnel (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). In particular, police discretion as a concept and a policy has developed largely because of the realization that the admin istration of justice is far from perfect (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The dishonor lies in the failure of the criminal justice system to meet four necessary elements in the dispensation of perfect justice (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). These elements concern the absolute ability to cop law violators, identify law violators, identify the intent of law violators, and punish law violators (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The dispensation of justice depends primarily on the actions of those individuals to whom it was entrusted, such as police officers, prosecutors and settle (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Discretion in the criminal justice system is not being employed by police officers alone. Other officers, such as court-related personnel, probation and parole officers, and correctional staff are also allowed to exercise discretion in the performance of their duties (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). The exercise of discretion by officers from different departments and jurisdictions of the law enforcement community all inte rrelate to the in force(p) administration of justice. Among court-related personnel, prosecutors and judges are the ones who use discretion the most (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). For example, prosecutorial discretion is exercised during plea negotiations or plea-bargaining (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Prosecutors also exercise discretion in choosing the cases that should be presented before a grand jury (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). On the other hand, judges exercise discretion in handing down their decisions and rulings (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Meanwhile, correctional personnel exercise discretion in coordinating programs in the supervision of offenders. In particular, discretion is exercised in the treatment of certain infractions and the decision to write disciplinary reports (Jones & Kerbs, 2007). Police discretion, while it is rattling helpful in maintaining balance in the enforcement of laws, should be controlled in order to remove issues such as racism and discrimination that have been controver sial in the past decades (Pepinsky, 1984). One example of a problem involving the exercise of police discretion is the perceived difference in police treatment of women vis--vis men, and whites vis--vis blacks (The New York propagation Company, 2004).According to a Boston Globe study of police records, it is posited that women and whites are more likely to receive earnings rather than tickets, compared to their men and black counterparts, when they ticktock stopped for identical traffic offenses (The New York Times Company, 2004). However, some police officers justify their decision to simply issue warnings on their belief that they are effective teaching tools to the public, compared to the issuance of tickets (The New York Times Company, 2004). Discrepancies in the treatment of offenders, such as the one reported above, and consequently the negative perception on the crime of discretion by police officers, can be accomplished by having clear rules that would identify good from bad discretion (Pepinsky, 1984).ReferencesFairchild, E. S. Enforcement of Police and Law Enforcement Policy. Organiational expression and Control of Discretion in Police Operations, 442-449.Jones, M. & Kerbs, J. J. (2007). Probation and Parole Officers and Discretionary Decision-Making Responses to Technical and Criminal Violations. Electronic version. Federal Probation 71(1), 9-16.Pepinsky, H. E. (1984). Better Living through Police Discretion. Law and modern-day Problems 47(4), 249-267.The New York Times Company. (2004). Retrieved November 11, 2007, from http//www.boston.com/globe/metro/packages/tickets/072103.shtml

An Ideal Performance Evaluation System Commerce Essay

Most folks scoff at the thought that there might be a perfect system for reservation employee normal unveiling judicial end. They think that since their organisation is alone, so their system for analysing employee earth foundation must be alone, excessively. How foolish.Do nt jeer there is an ideal manner for the estimate procedure. In institutions that take employee prevalent innovation mind earnestly and utilize the procedure salutary, the system maps as an ongoing procedure non simply an annual event. Dick Grote1. Among deed Appraisal experts, there is a important sum of understanding that there is an ideal rhythm that, if followed, will by and large experience forth boss consequences 1. The distinguishable stages or the figure of stairss of this rhythm, nevertheless, varies crossways the literature available. While Dick Grote identifies intravenous feeding distinct phases2, Stephen P Robbins 3 lineations six opposite stairss. Back place in India, direc tion expert, Subba Rao 4 divides the rhythm into nine stairss. Before showing an ideal world insertion rating system, it is of import to examine the assorted methods or techniques that have been developed along with the development of appraisal systems. A few of the of import 1s are outlined in the succeeding paragraphs.Methods and Techniques for Appraisal2. graphical Rating Scales. This is the simplest and well-nigh popular method for measuring frequentplace presentation and offers a high grade of structure.5. It compares individual(a) public presentation to an absolute criterion, with separately employee trait or characteristic rated on a bipolar receive table that norm wholey has several(prenominal) points runing from hapless to first-class ( or some quasi(prenominal) agreement ) . The supervisor rates each underling by circling or look intoing the mark that best describes his or her public presentation for each trait. The charge values for the traits are so to talled. The traits assessed on these graduated tables include employee properties such as cooperation, communications ability, enterprise, promptness and proficient ( use hitments ) competency. The nature and range of the traits selected for cellular inclusion is limited merely by the imaginativeness of the graduated table s interior decorator, or by the authorities s demand to cognize. The one study proviso in choosing traits is that they should be in some manner relevant to the appraisee s concern. The traits selected by some administrations have been unwise and have resulted in intelligent action on the evidences of discrimination.63. Advantages. The following are the advantages of following this system ( a ) Graphic Rater Scales are structured and standardised. This allows evaluations to be easy compared and contrasted even for full survey forces. Each employee is subjected to the same basic perspicacity procedure and evaluation standards, with the same scope of respons es. This encourages equality in intervention for all appraisees and imposes standard steps of public presentation across all parts of the organization.7( B ) Rating scale methods are besides really simple to utilize and understand. The construct of the evaluation graduated table makes obvious sense both appraisers and appraisees have an intuitive grasp for the simple and efficient logic of the bipolar graduated table. The consequence is widespread toleration and popularity for this attack.4. Disadvantages. The major drawbacks of the evaluation graduated table have been discussed below ( a ) Trait Relevance. The traits selected may non be relevant in the same grade across all occupations of the appraisees. For illustration, the trait instructional ability might non be really of import in a occupation that is tightly defined and stiffly structured. In such instances, a low assessment evaluation for the same may non intend that an employee lacks the ability. Rather, it may reflec t the fact that an employee has few misfortunes to utilize and expose that quaint trait.( B ) Systemic Disadvantage. Rating graduated tables, and the traits selected, by and large attempt to supply an overall appraisal standards or criterion for the apraisees. There is an premise that all the come-at-able indexs of public presentation are included, and all false and irrelevant indexs are excluded. This is an premise really hard to turn out in pattern. It is possible that an employee s public presentation may depend on factors that have non been included in the selected traits. Such employees may stop up with evaluations that do non really or reasonably reflect their attempt or value to the organisation. Employees in this category are systemically disadvantaged by the evaluation graduated table method.( peak Celsius ) Perceptual Errors. This includes assorted well-known jobs of selective perceptual experience ( such as the horns and halos consequence ) every bit good as jobs of s ensed signifi netce. selective perceptual experience is the world inclination to do private and extremely subjective appraisals of what a individual is truly similar , and so seek understanding to back up that position ( while disregarding or understating grounds that might belie it ) . 8 In other words, we see in others what we unavoidableness to see in them. An illustration is the supervisor who believes that an employee is inherently good ( halo consequence ) and so ignores grounds that might propose otherwise. On the other manus, a supervisor may hold formed the feeling that an employee is bad ( horns consequence ) . The supervisor becomes unreasonably rough in their appraisal of the employee and ever ready to lash and sabotage them.( vitamin D ) Perceived Meaning. Problems of sensed significance occur when valuators do non portion the same sentiment about the significance of the selected traits and the linguistic communication utilise on the evaluation graduated tables. For illustration, to one valuator, an employee may show the trait of inaugural by describing work jobs to a supervisor. To another valuator, this might propose an extravagant dependance on supervisory aid and therefore a deficiency of enterprise.( vitamin E ) Rating Mistakes. The job here is non so much misidentifys in perceptual experience as mistakes in valuator opinion and motivation. Unlike perceptual mistakes, these mistakes may be ( at times ) deliberate. The nigh common evaluation mistake is cardinal inclination. Busy valuators, or those contendy of confrontations and reverberations, may be tempted to dole out excessively many inactive, centrist evaluations ( e.g. satisfactory or equal ) , regardless of the real(a) public presentation of a supplemental. Thus the spread of evaluations tends to clop overly around the center of the graduated table. This job is worsened in administrations where the assessment procedure does non bask strong direction support, or where the valuators do non experience confident with the undertaking of assessment.5. Ranking Method. Ranking employees from best to pip on a trait or traits is another option. Since it is normally easier to separate between the worst and best employees, an alternation come outing method is most popular. First, advert all subsidiaries to be rated, and so traverse out the names of any non known good plenty to rank. Then, on a signifier indicate the employee who is the highest on the characteristic being mensurable and besides the 1 who is the lowest. Then take the following highest and the following lowest, jumping between highest and lowest until all employees have been ranked. 96. Paired Comparison Method. In this method all possible braces of employees are formed.10 The judge indicates which single in each brace is a better performing artist. An employee s rank is de marginined by the figure of times he or she is chosen as the better performing artist in a brace. The individual chos en most frequently is ranked foremost. Use of this method requires the comparing of many braces even when the entire figure of employees is non really big. This method helps to do the superior method more precise, though it is more complicated than consecutive ranking.7. Checklist Methods. The checklist is a simple evaluation technique in which the supervisor is given a list of statements or words and asked to look into statements stand foring the features and public presentation of each employee. There are three types of checklist methods viz. , simple checklist, weighted, and forced pick method.( a ) Simple Checklist. The checklist consists of a big figure of statements9 like is he punctual or is his behavior gracious etc. The rater cheques to bespeak if the behavior of an employee is positive or negative to each statement. Employee public presentation is rated on the footing of figure of positive cheques. The negative cheques are non considered. A trouble may originate becaus e the words or statements may hold different significances to different raters.( B ) Weighted Checklists. This involves burdening different points in the checklist, to bespeak that some are more of import than others. The public presentation evaluations are multiplied by the weights of the statements and the coefficients are added up. The leaden public presentation mark is compared with the overall appraisal criterions to happen out the overall public presentation of the person. However, it is expensive to plan, and clip consuming. Though this method is appraising every bit good as developmental, it has the basic job of the judge non cognizing the points which contribute most to successful public presentation.8. Critical Incident Method. With this method the supervisor keeps a log of positive and negative illustrations ( vital incidents ) of a subsidiary s work related behaviors. Every six months or so, supervisor and low-level meet to discourse the latter s public presentation, ut ilizing the incidents as illustrations. This method has several advantages. It provides illustrations of good and hapless public presentation the supervisor can utilize to explicate the individual s evaluation. It makes the supervisor think about the subsidiary s assessment all during the twelvemonth ( so the evaluation does non merely reflect the employee s most recent public presentation ) . The list provides illustrations of what specifically the subsidiary can make to extinguish lacks. The downside is that without some numerical evaluation, this method is non excessively utile for comparing employees or for salary determinations. Besides it is clip devouring for the judges, and it may be difficult to quantify or construction the incidents into a concluding narrative rating.9. Try or Free Form Appraisal. This method requires the trough to compose a short essay depicting each employee s public presentation during the evaluation period. This format emphasises rating of overall publ ic presentation, base on strengths/weaknesses of employee public presentation, instead than specific occupation dimensions. The downside is the clip involved, there is no common criterion, and the essay composing accomplishments may be unequal with different judges.10. Group Appraisals. downstairs this an employee is appraised by a group of valuators, dwelling of the immediate supervisor, other supervisors who have close contact with the employees work, directors or caputs of section and advisers. The group appraises the public presentation based on comparing with set criterions, finds out divergences, discusses grounds thereof and suggests ways to better public presentation. This method is widely used for intents of publicity, demotion and retrenchment assessment.11. Assessment Centre. This method was foremost developed by the German ground forces in1930. This is non a technique of public presentation assessment by it egotism but is a system, where appraisal of several persons is done by assorted experts, utilizing assorted techniques. Persons from assorted sections are brought together to pass cardinal or three yearss working on an person or group assignment similar to the 1s they would be managing when promoted. Perceivers rank the public presentation of each participant in order to deserve. All assesses get an equal luck to demo their endowments and capablenesss and secure publicities based on virtue. The Centre besides enables persons working in low position sections to vie with people from good known sections and stand up their publicity opportunities.12. Management by Aims. MBO requires the director to put specific mensurable ends with each employee and so sporadically discourse the latter s advancement toward these ends. The term MBO by and large refers to a comprehensive and formal administration broad end scene and appraisal plan consisting of six stairss( a ) Set the administration s end.( B ) Set departmental ends.( spot Celsius ) Discuss depa rtmental ends( vitamin D ) Define expected consequences and set single ends( vitamin E ) Performance reappraisal.( degree Fahrenheit ) Provide feedback.13. There are three jobs with MBO( a ) Puting ill-defined ends( B ) It is clip devouring( degree Celsius ) Puting aims with the subsidiary turns into a jerk of war with the direction forcing for higher aims and the subsidiary forcing for lower 1s.The Ideal Performance Appraisal Cycle14. Advisers who help administrations make effectual public presentation assessments, academicians who study the public presentation assessment procedure, human resource directors, and organizational development practicians with companies that have successfully developed their ain public presentation assessment systems come to the same decision public presentation assessment does nt get down with the signifier, it starts with the occupation be after what needs to be done and calculating out how it will be accomplished. 1115. An organizational scheme is a requirement for developing an overall public presentation direction system. Before any appraisal of an person s public presentation can be made, the administration s way must be clarified and communicated. Until the end of the administration has non been decided, it would be bootless to make up ones mind the ends for single units or the worker s public presentation appraisal criterions. Authoritative MBO ( Management by aims ) theory, the nucleus doctrine behind most successful assessment systems, begins with the demand that the administration formulate long term ends and strategic curriculums. These programs lead to overall organizational aims and the procedure continues downward to derivative aims for single units and subdivisions, boulder clay every member of the administration has specific and mensurable aims in consonant rhyme with the ends of the administration. Once an understanding is reached between the supervisor and the subsidiary on the occupation particulars, the foll owing measure is to realize it, followed by the assessment, sooner by both the valuator and the appraisee. The reappraisal of the public presentation is done in a face to confront meeting. Thereafter the procedure begins afresh. Thus the ideal public presentation assessment rhythm can be divided into four stages 16. The Evaluation Process. The rating procedure involves ( a ) Performance Planning. An administration must hold its mission clearly defined prior to set abouting the public presentation assessment procedure. If the org does non hold a specific way, powerful attempts on the portion of its members wo nt supply consequences. At the clip that a occupation is designed and a occupation description formulated, public presentation criterions should besides be developed for the place. These criterions and aims should be clear and adequate to be understood and measured. Obscure phrases should non be used to place the criterions. 12( B ) Communicate Performance Expectations to Emplo yees. The valuator and the appraisee meet to be after for the approaching twelvemonth. In the treatment, they come to an understanding about five major countries ( I ) The cardinal answerabilities of the subsidiary s occupation i.e. the major countries within which he is responsible for acquiring consequences.( two ) The specific objectives the subsidiary will accomplish within each answerability country( three ) The criterions that will be used to measure how good the subsidiary has achieved each aim.( four ) The public presentation factors, competences etc that will be critical in finding how the consequences will be achieved ( how he will carry on the occupation ) .( V ) The elements of the development program the low-level shall finish during the twelvemonth.17. This treatment generates an improved employee public presentation as he knows precisely what is expected of them. Furthermore, the valuator can now keep the appraisee accountable.18. Employee Performance Execution. Over the class of the twelvemonth, employee public presentation should be focused on accomplishing the ends, aims and cardinal duties of the occupation. The superior provides aid and feedback to the person so as to increase the chance of success and creates conditions that motivate and besides decide any jobs that may originate.19. The valuator and the appraisee meet sporadically to reexamine advancement toward the programs and ends discussed in the employee public presentation supply meeting. The appraisee must seek out a feedback and the needed counsel for the hereafter. Besides elements of the program that have become disused are abandoned by common understanding and new aims to react to altering conditions are established.20. Employee Performance Assessment. At the clip for the formal employee public presentation assessment, the valuator reflects on how good the subsidiary has performed over the class of the twelvemonth, assembles the assorted signifiers and paperwork that the organ isation provides to do this appraisal, and fills them out. The Appraiser and appraisee independently measure the grade to which the different elements of the annual program were achieved. The valuator completes an appraisal of the subsidiary s public presentation and typically has it reviewed and approved by senior direction before discoursing it with the subsidiary. In an ideal system, the subsidiary besides completes a self appraisal, roll uping informations, if necessary, from equals, subsidiaries, and others. The subsidiary may subject the ego assessment to the valuator to be used as a portion of his overall appraisal.21. Employee Performance Review. The valuator and the low-level meet, to reexamine their assessments. They discuss the consequences that were achieved and the public presentation factors that contributed to their achievement. The treatment includesConsequences achieved ( what was done ) .Performance or behavioral effectivity ( how it was done ) .Overall public pre sentation appraisal.Development. At the terminal of the reappraisal meeting they set a day of the month to run into once more to keep an employee public presentation planning treatment for the approaching 12 months, get downing the procedure anew.22. This public presentation assessment procedure non merely transforms employee public presentation direction from an one-year event to an ongoing rhythm, it besides tightly links the public presentation of each member with the mission and values of the administration as a whole. The existent value of the system is in concentrating everyone s attending on what is truly of import i.e. the accomplishment of the administration s strategic ends through presentation of the administration s vision and values in each employee s daily behavior.23. In the best-run and most efficient administrations, employee public presentation assessment is a critical and vigorous direction tool. No other direction procedure has every bit much influence on persons callings and work lives. Employee public presentation assessment can concentrate each individual s attending on the company s mission, vision and values. Besides ideally, the procedure can reply the two cardinal inquiries that every individual individual in the organisation wants the replies to What do you anticipate of me? And how am I making?________________________________1. Richard C Grote Complete usher to appraisal systems 2. Dick Grote htpp//ezine articles.com/expert 3. Stephen P Robbins Management of Human Resources 4. Subba Rao Personnel/human Resource Management 5. Archer North Performance assessment systems www.pasystems.com 6. Ibid p87. Ibid p88. Ibid p109. Subba Rao Personnel/human Resource direction 10. Fisher, Schoenfeldt, Shaw Human resource direction .11 Richard C Grote Complete usher to appraisal systems 12. Archer North Performance assessment systems www.pasystems.com

Jit in Service Sector

This issue s c all overed by adopting an indirect approach. All the benefits which atomic number 18 obtained using kit up are listed and then their corresponding implementation In return sector Is discussed. It is observed that all the utilities of kit like Reducing cost, upward(a) Quality, Improving Performance, Improving spoken communication, Adding flexibility and Increasing Innovativeness are implemented in portion industry. This helps us to lowstand that raw material philosophy remains the equal, only Implementation methodology Is counterchanged.IT is a philosophy of continuous cleansement in which non-value-adding activities re identified and removed for the purposes of Reducing cost Improving Quality Improving Performance Improving Delivery Adding Flexibility Increasing Innovativeness IT is not ab start automation. equip eliminates waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the processes. outfit is a collection of techniques gived to improve act s. It bottom too be a new(a) production system of rules that is used to produce goods or operate.All the above utilities of Just in Time sentiment indicates that this concept is not sector specific concept. It can also be employed in service sector. Service Sector In order to unsex services, it is not enough to say simply that they are intangible acts as opposed to tangible goods. Most modern products are a combination of both(prenominal). For example, when acquire a washing machine the customer also receives services such as installation, maintenance and repair. When getting a haircut, the customer will likely also benefit from a number of hair care products and might even purchase some for mob use.Therefore services can be characterized with the following central features Intangibility services cannot generally be seen, tasted, felt, heard or smelled before they are bought. ? Inseparability services are produced and consumed at the same time. Variability the quality of the same service may vary depending on who provides it as well as when and how it is provided. Permissibility services cannot be stored for later sales or use lack of convey cannot be evened out by producing to an inventory.Several of the features enumerated above do not apply to modern information technology-based services. There, personal contact does not have all immenseness (e. G. , on-line learning in its purest form, on-line banking, etc. ) and variability is greatly trim take t I not eliminated completely. Due to this heterogeneity in services it is difficult to classify them in a useful manner. Implementation of KIT in Service Sector The rudimentary principles of KIT in any system are no wastage, total visibility, and flexibility in the use of human and material resources.In any environment these principles translate into three simple rules dont start any change articulate unless the penury signal indicates a charter for more material if the demand signal indicate s a need, work to fill that need and, never surpass the queue-size limit . KIT is now fully integrated into service sector, although the use of the term KIT is rarely used. All the objectives aimed by employing KIT is achieved in service sector as seen below. Reducing Cost In Service sector return on investment (ROI) has traditionally translated to cut costs. Certainly, organizations today are under tremendous pressure from management and from customers to ingest a higher level of service at lower cost, and to do so using existing resources. any expenditure they do make to help them achieve this goal is expected to deliver a measurable, hard-dollar ROI, and deliver it quickly. Similar to manufacturing sector, cost can be reduced by adopting administration. Service sector can delivers standardization by applying the principles to the way people, business processes, and technology are organized.All three have become so interlinked that change to one must be addressed in all three. Uses of Information technology in non-homogeneous service sector industries have led to standardization. calibration can be adopted by using the industry standards, reusable components, and arranged implementation. Industry Standard Architecture Industry standards provide a consistent enterprise-wide approach for deploying IT at the lowest cost. Reducing the diversity of your IT environment drives down the costs of implementing change.Industry standards enable disparate components in a heterogeneous environment to work together consistently. Todays standards will also help facilitate the integration of tomorrows standards and solutions. Standards drive efficiencies and economies of scale, development flexibility and provide greater choice. They lower the cost of computing compared to copyrighted offerings and provide the putation for innovations that enhance functionality and the user experience.Standards also facilitate common training, best practices and the reuse f knowle dge. Reusable component Reusable components break down silos of IT into modular assets. This building blocks approach applies to system elements, application and infrastructure services and people. The rapid adoption of web services is the result of standard, industry- recognized IT components that address the need to reduce cost, implement new services quickly and goodly, and scale rapidly.Consistent Implementation Consistent implementation provides a standardized approach to the way work is organized, establishing a common framework for business and IT A consistent approach to implementation increases productivity and enables the rapid redeployment tot resources to meet changing business demand and reduces the time required to implement change, improves operational efficiency, and increases flexibility when deploying human resources or changing business processes.Example McDonalds Corporation will migrate more than 4,000 stores to run on COS Open Server Release 5 platform over th e next two years. McDonalds implementation of Open Server will assist in relaying information from the stores point-of-sale machines to McDonalds corporate headquarters, as well as provide access to corporate applications. Open Server also helps McDonalds reduce costs by allowing the use of less expensive hardware and enabling the networking and speed provided by newer hardware. Improving Quality According to Curran (1999), quality can be defined as physical fitness for use.The term can also be understood as features of the product which meet customer needs and thereby provide customer satisf put to death and as freedom from deficiencies errors that require rework or result in field failures, customer dissatisfaction and claims etc. In order to improve quality in the service sector it is important to realize that every recess generates information that can be used for its improvement. No organization should neglect the opportunity to take a close look at accumulated data as part of the operations.With this data it is possible to discover hidden patterns in process deficiencies, form different hypothesis as to what might be the reasons for deficiencies, etc. In short, use the scientific method to increase profitability and competitiveness of the organization as a whole by improving processes and customer satisfaction. Statistical tools for improvement of service quality The basic statistical toolbox includes a set of seven tools. Among them are check sheets, the Parent chart, the cause-and-effect diagram, histograms, stratification, scatter plots and graphs (including the control chart).They help people see how often things happen, when and where they happen and in what different forms they may present themselves to the observer. These tools are widely used in the service industry. Example The President of a relatively small mortgage-lending bank facing a serious competition of similar institutions had discrete that in order to survive in the market ,excell ent service should be the banks trademark. They selected team conducted a preliminary statistical study of transaction data. Team members found out that the average time to complete a loan was 24 days.A market analysis showed that a shorter time period to obtain a home loan would give the bank a important advantage over the competitors. The banks President nominated a team to work on reducing the wait time for the loans approval. After flowcharting the process on the basis of available transaction data and observing the processing of new loans for 3 months, the team found out that enormous time savings could be achieved. A Parent chart indicated that an overwhelming part of the elapsed time was due to the documents traveling between confused offices since they had to be read and approved by so many different people.Further analysis showed that the steps in the process could be combined, and get done by one person. This could greatly reduce boot TN waiting time and the potential f or errors. As a consequence, a set of standard operating procedures was prepared for the new process. After the system changes were implemented, a statistical study showed that the average time to obtain a home non was reduced to 4 days, providing this bank with a significant advantage over its competitors. Improving performance Performance in a service sector can be improved by using various approaches.Any or all of the following approaches will improve organisational performance depending on if they are implemented comprehensively and remain focused on organizational results. Broad Overview of Various Approaches The following descriptions are general and brief. Balanced Scorecard Focuses on four indicators, including customer perspective, internal-business processes, learning and growth and financial, to monitor progress honour organizations strategic goals Benchmarking Using standard measurements in a service or industry for comparison to other organizations in order to gain per spective on organizational performance.For example, there are emerging standard benchmarks for universities, hospitals, etc. Business Process Reengineering Aims to increase performance by radically re-designing the organizations structures and processes, including by starting over from the ground up. Cultural Change Cultural change is a form of organizational transformation, that is, radical and fundamental form of change. Cultural change involves changing the basic values, norms, beliefs, etc. , among members of the organization.Knowledge Management Focuses on collection and management of critical knowledge in an organization to increase its capacity for achieving results. Its effectiveness toward reaching overall results for the organization depends on how well the enhanced, critical knowledge is applied in the organization. Learning Organization Focuses on enhancing organizations systems (including people) to increase an organizations capacity for performance. Management by Objec tives (MOB) Aims to align goals and gilt objectives throughout the organization Program Evaluation Program evaluation is used for a wide variety of applications, e. . , to increase efficiencies of program processes and thereby cut costs, to prise if program goals were reached or not, to quality programs for accreditation, etc. Strategic Planning Organization-wide process to identify strategic direction, including vision, mission, values and overall goals. Direction is pursued by implementing associated action plans, including multi- level goals, objectives, time lines and responsibilities. Strategic planning is, of course, form of planning. Improving Delivery The delivery in service sector is improved by the introduction of cyberspace and information technology.It has bridged the gap between customer and service provider. Now it is possible to take orders on computer, maintain a database of clients on network and use it as and when required. Customer segments vary by need, size a nd service levels so it is difficult for one delivery product line to serve all segments efficiently. Providers can oaten increase snare tot wallet Witt under- penetrated customer segments by creating niche-focused delivery channels. A low venue segment, for example, can be assigned to a telephone channel at a lower cost while providing services designed to increase customer satisfaction.The niche- focused channel can be developed so it replicates the sales and service functions that traditional face-to-face delivers to more profitable segments. Contact center representatives can identify and prioritize customer needs and then deliver solutions that have high value to the customer. The path to such solutions begins with an evaluation of current channel performance to diagnose opportunities. Compare current and desired future state metrics of each channel. Then restructure key components of the delivery system for each line of business and each customer cluster.Look for solutions th at guide customers into more efficient channels while actually improving service to the customer. Adding flexibility The only way companies can continue to empower employees and reduce the bureaucracy within their operation is to use flexible peoplepeople who can do more than one task. Business needs workers who are ascertained in other skills and who also participate in such traditional managerial concerns as Job planning, organizing, and controlling. Flexible people are also having an impact on the service industry. matchless example, reported by Fortune (Ulster 1989), is Lecher, Inc. A store retail chain owned by Dayton Hudson. Experimenting with flexibility as a competitive tool, Lecher began by offering employees in its Sarasota, Florida facility raises based on the number of Jobs each learned to perform. Cashiers were encouraged to sell records and tapes. Sporting goods salespeople were taught to operate forklifts. What are the benefits to Lecher? Flexibility in the work off ice has helped the company adjust quickly to shifts in staffing needs because workers can be moved to where hey are needed. Pay incentives plus the lay on the line for more varied and interesting work days are powerful recruiting incentives.Perhaps that is one reason Lecherys Sarasota facility has a more stable work force60 percent full time, rather than the 30 percent that exists in the rest of the chain. Increasing Innovativeness Innovation is clearly critical to the dynamism of the service sector, in particular as information and communication technologies are applied to re-engineer business processes, to create and extend service offerings, and to realize entirely new business models caseful tot Innovation, by sector pick Due to the heterogeneous nature of services, innovation can take very different shapes in different areas.As shown in figure, in service sector innovation is primarily happening in terms of organizational changes. Companies are becoming horizontally integrate d and Job enlargement is the key driver for the organizational change. Today, it typically leads to a stronger focus on core business, enhancing firms capacity to excel in a narrower band of products. The increased trend towards outsourcing is one element of this trend. Another one is the establishment of more mutinous and mutually beneficial relationships between firms.Organizational change serves in part to improve co-operation both within and between organizations it is often essential for reaping the gains of innovation as well as for promoting successful innovation. Hence it is observed that in service sector KIT is implemented in a different way, yet it lead to the same result. KIT is now fully integrated into service sector, although the use of the term KIT is rarely used. Examples of KIT implementation in service sector McDonalds, Dominos and federal Express, who compete on speed and still provide heir products and services at low cost and increasing variety. ? Lens provide r, cleaner and car-repair services can turn around customer orders in an hour. Supermarkets replenish their shelves according to what the customers withdraw. Retail stores can provide customers with more choice faster than ever before. Stores can now track customer buying habits in real-time and change their orders daily. Conclusion It is seen that elements of KIT can be applied to almost any operation, including service operations. The philosophy remains the same, only the methodology and ways of implementation changes.

Drugs in Lebanon

Facts and Official Action Cannabis has been grown in the Beak v exclusivelyey ever since the Roman Empire, despite the laws prohibiting it. A long-running measure by the government before the Civil War was to burn the fields before the yearly harvest. The war stopped that action and the country became champion of the most prominent in the world in the production & export of illicit drugs, reaching its peak in the late sasss at 1000 slews of cannabis resin and 3 to 5 tons of heroin, which had only been introduced a few years earlier.In the early says, later the war ended, the eradication began again, but with the absence seizure of alternative income sources and the promise of international aid that never materialized, this action plunged the local population in dire poverty, so much so that they lead slide fastener more to lose and so they replant their crops every year. The culture and production had been In steady decline, and by 2002, most of It was Limited to the extreme nor th of the valley. just now due to the rising political unrest since 2005, it has significantly increased again.With the close watch of the land and sea b shapes for the traffic of arms, whisking of drugs out of the country has become harder, thereby forcing the growers to broaden local markets, increasing the local consumption, which has now become a serious epidemic amongst the Lebanese youth. In 1998, Lebanon passed Law 673, which stated that drug dependance was not a crime in itself. But there was no real implementation of the policy, and the Government continued offering only two choices prison house or abstinence.With some of the dealers being politically protected, and thus unreachable. Punishment came hard on users. They were caught, trialed, and held in conventional prisons for varying periods. However, recently, the minister of religion of Internal Affairs and the Minister of State for Administrative Reform stated clearly that addiction should be placed mid authority bet ween crime and Illness, and that the addict should be treated kinda of imprisoned with criminals, murderers, & traffickers which ordain be nothing but an additional cause for drug use.They are starting to promote cooperation between Government and Nos where the addicts is caught and sent to rehab for befitting treatment. Many dealers were and continue to be seized, as fortunately, action now concentrates on the root of the problem rather than the consequence. However, the Government still has a long way to go, as no official studies have Eden conducted on menders, prattles, Ana correct governmental reenrolled processes, and no rehabilitation centers are government-based.Numbers and Non- Governmental Organizations There are presently 7 available rehabilitation centers in Lebanon, all Nos, offering awareness, prevention, non-residential programs to short or long residential programs. Their success rates are more or less high, depending on the programs they offer and their social r eintegration processes. The centers are Mum el Nor, Skunk, Jejuneness Anti Drogue DAD), Jejuneness Centre la Drogue COD), Bonjour du Ceil, actuate De la Lumpier, and Horizons.To report accurate gets would be impossible, as no serious official study of the matter has ever been conducted. Some incomprehension studies conducted by loose bodies, namely rehabilitation enters, and mainly in the region of Beirut alone show the fol uttering statistics There are 10,000 to 15,000 estimated drug addicts in Lebanon, of which 2000 are female. This number could rise significantly if studies on other regions are conducted. 24% of prison inmates are drug users. Around 700 addicts receive treatment per year.A soaring 49% of all addicts fall in Beirut, with the other 51% divided amongst 6 other regions. Drug-related deaths are very underreported, and that for several reasons, mainly pertaining to the taboo nature of the issue, where families prefer to camouflage he reason of death, when disclosin g it might help other users. Average age for stolon time use has dropped dramatically from 28 years in 1996 to 17 in 2000, to 15 in 2009, with 60% between 14 and 19, to 22% between 20 and 24, to 9% between 25 and 29, to small portions after that.As for educational level, the highest rate falls within people who have reached complementary school with 31%, but this does not indicate that education prevents addiction, as lower levels resembling primary school and illiteracy together represent only 18% whereas higher levels like some or full university education represents 27%. Socio-economical positioning seems to be more defining, as medium class contains 57% of addicts, versus 38% for low class, and only 6% for high class. But it is also important to follow that the classes themselves are not equally divided.What is most interesting is that 80% of all addicts are single, divorced, or separated, with only 20% married, which clearly states that people with less state and instinct of purpose tend to fall deeper into that abyss. As for drug- related diseases, 43% of addicts show psychopathology diseases, whether before he addiction and leading to it, or after it, as effects of it, 25% have other chronic diseases, 20% Cardiovascular, 17% Hepatitis C, 7% Pulmonary, 2% allergies, 2% Diabetes, and 0. 5% AIDS. Needle sharing is not uncommon, and if it happens with AIDS or HIVE patients, these diseases will soon become an epidemic in Lebanon.Cannabis has the highest abuse rate at 66% but is considered a spongelike drug, less harmful than Heroin, which has a high rate of 65%, versus Cocaine 56%, Alcohol 47%, Ecstasy 20%, Amphetamines 13%, LSI 8%, and inhalants 2%. It is clear that poly substance use is very common. Cocaine and LSI are rising fast. It is very important to note that all the above numbers represents addicts, not occasional users. It is not uncommon to see people at parties having smoked cannabis, snorted cocaine, or popped ecstasy. So what makes an a ddict? Addiction is a disease, but it in not contagious.In order to develop, it needs the right accommodation AT assistance, nature, Ana solo-cultural Doctors. I en assistance needs to have addictive properties and has to meet the specific needs of the user. For example, Cocaine will satisfy a person with underlying low self-esteem, while Heroin would be the drug of choice for an overly sensitive person. The person needs to have genetic predispositions, psychological fragility, problematic relationships, and some sort of frail social skills, and of course certain expectations of what the drug would do for them.An antisocial or aggressive personality or morbid traits would also be determining factors. The socio-cultural factors should reflect some chaos and uncertainty, like a chaotic home or ineffective parenting, low communication, war, unemployment, or poverty in a consumer society, failures, loss of values, and the availability of the drug, affiliations with drug abusing peers, or peer pressure. Put together, these three factors are a fertile background signal where addiction will grow and thrive until the person distinguishs that instead of solving his problems, it is making things much worse.What starts as an attempt to self-medicate ultimately backfires. Instead of treating the problem, drugs simply masquerade party the symptoms. The problem is still there, but now, there are more issues at hand. Relationships are worse, poverty is accentuated, performance is hindered, and added to all the previous drawbacks is he acquired dependency to a substance that is potentially fatal. By then, it is too late, but only to an extent. An addict typically tends to be in denial as a strong excuse mechanism for the substance that has now become his life.It matters more than anything else, more than friends, than family, than loved ones, than life itself. More than him. He has forgotten how to function without it, and even if he does realize that he is not really fu nctioning, and that he is in a fast cycle of self- destruction, he cannot do much about it on his own. The drugs have adapted his rain, literally altered the way it looks and functions. Overcoming the addiction is not simply a matter of willpower. It is a disease and should be treated by professionals. In Utopia For a society to be free of drug addiction, the grounds have to be made infertile.Of course, the substance has to be made unavailable, the dealers caught and penalise, the laws applied, the pharmacists infused with conscience, or at least punished so hard that they fear doing wrong. But even if the substance were hard to control, the other factors could be dealt with. The government would concentrate on the people it as elect to serve in the first place. It would strive to provide political and economic stability, health care, Job opportunities, and a secure future, giving the people a sense of pride, values, patriotism, and the feeling of belonging.If it werent perfect in the first place, and suddenly acquires a conscience, it could contain addicts and treat them by opening rehabilitation centers or helping existing ones grow, vista solid reintegration processes, and providing free psychological support and treatment to both addicts and their families (and other citizens). After all, it did argyle have a hand in their misfortunes in the first place. Finally, parents would know better than to become parents if they are unstable. They would treat their own issues before having children and passing on to them the troubles acquired from their own parents and past experiences.They would seek treatment to rid themselves of the frustration, the intolerance, and the tatterdemalion values caused by years of strife and instability. They would understand the importance of a stable none, loving support, detective responsibility, g values, Ana realistic expectations. Sadly, Lebanon is no Utopia. The Government continues to arrogantly refuse to assume its role as rightful servant and protector, and parents continue to ignore their responsibility of providing love before money, and security before comfort.So it falls on our shoulders, yours and mine, to act with continuous awareness and assume the responsibility of grace. A closer look Most common international narcotics can be found in Lebanon. Taking a closer look at their nature and their effects will help a better understanding of why they are used. A drug, or psychoactive substance is any natural or synthetic chemical that has he ability to affect thinking, feeling, senses, and/or behavior, by acting in the brain on mechanisms that normally exist to regulate the functions of mood, thoughts, and motivations.

Analysis and Review of Source Code Movie

Source Code with its unique twist on the classic time-loop scenario, brings mystery, action and a refreshing sci-fi structure for the audiences amazement. This film, resembling legion(predicate) sci-fi thrillers of the past, plays on societal issues with engineering and its potenti whollyy dangerous implications to the world. The plot, although minimalistic at a glance, unfolds with twists and turns that carry this sci-fi thriller to places never before seen by the sci-fi genre. As film reviewer, dickhead Bradshaw, put it, with twists and turns, and at breathtaking speed, this film runs on rails. 1 Science Fiction is a genre that is almost entirely based upon societies complicated relationship with technology and its potential implications on society. In the film, the main technology presented is a program unsurprisingly called Source Code. The program allows our lead character, Colter Stevens, brain to access the body of a man who is already dead. The technology works by accessi ng the last eight minutes of persons memory and turning it into an alternate reality. It is described by its creator, Dr. Rutledge, as a tool for revisiting rather than revising time.Through point of reference decree, Colter Stevens becomes Sean, a victim of a check off-bombing outside Chicago. Although the train-bombing has already occurred, other(a) acts of terror be at hand(predicate) in downtown Chicago. If Stevens is to use source code as expected he is to find out who is responsible for the train bombing and relay his findings to the citizenry of the present so they may prevent further incidents. Each time his eight minutes are up, Stevens finds himself within a pod wired with a video screen. This screen is his only link Dr. Rutledges unit and Stevens commanding officer, Colleen Goodwin.The pod is a metaphysical set created to explain Stevens thoughts and feelings. The room is essentially his mind and all that is going within it. The environment of the pod changes as St evens comprehension of the situation increases. The metaphysical nature of this set seems extremely intentional as there are essentially only three different sets used throughout the films entirety. The use of this pod bid set is very similar in nature to that of the sets from 2001 A Space Odyssey in the sense that they are combining wholly human elements nto technological environments. 2 Each time Stevens returns to the train, he gathers more information about the bomb, the bomber, and the other people on the train, including Christina, the love interest. Once Stevens returns with the name of the bomber his mission is over. At this point in the film, Stevens learns that he died in the helicopter over Afghanistan and directly only exists within the source code. After learning this, he convinces Goodwin to allow him back in one more time to save everyone on the train and die knowing they were all saved.However, once everyone has been saved, he does not die and will live as Sean for the rest of his life. Source Code is similar to many movies from the 1950s and 60s because of its use of relevant political issues to strike fear within the viewer. Much like how the Cold War paranoia permeated science fiction through features like War of the Worlds (1954) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), the current fear of terrorism trickles through Source Codes plot. 3 An obvious manifestation of this fear is the bomber himself.Derek Frost appears to be a young, white, suburban male and because his appearance is not that of a stereotypical terrorist, Stevens overlooks him as a mirthful initially. By using the least likely suspect as the antagonist, Source Code is challenging our current beliefs on terrorism that only non-Americans can be classified as terrorists. By creating this unlikely baddie, source code creates relevance to the disaster, and realism to the situation. The unlikely villain shows that through technology anyone can really become a threat to society.T he introduction of this average citizen villain prompts us to question our responsibility with technology. Here technologys power is illustrated because it transforms our average Derek into a super-villain capable of catastrophic events. On the other hand, we are also confronted with the potential life saving ability of the source code. Dr. Rutledge believed source code was only capable of saving lives that had not been already lost. However, the program enabled Stevens to not only save lives on the train, but also his own. Stevens doesnt just jump through action-flick hoops, he also confronts some Big Questions Are we alone? Are we free? Do we have free will? the importance of which become clear as the outlines of Stevenss true circumstances are revealed. 4 The implication of this notion is very unmistakable as Stevens becomes more aware of his situation. His initial experiences within source code are consumed by selfish tasks such as trying to locate his fix and find out what has happened to him.However, as he begins to understand source code and believes that his life no longer exists, his motives quickly change. Once Stevens begins to use source code for the greater adept, he himself is also freed. This is a direct commentary on our usage of technology itself in that we need to use technology for the greater good and not for selfish means. It is this notion that we the audience is left to ponder. Will technology bring humanity to a never before seen existence or enter our being entirely?BibliographyCook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. New York W.W. Norton. 498-499, 925-927.Bradshaw, Peter. Source Code Review. The Guardian. http//www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/mar/31/source-code-review (accessed April 12, 2011).Dargis, Manohla. Dont Know Who You Are, but Dont Know Who I Am. The New York Times. http//movies.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/movies/jake-gyllenhaal-in-source-code-review.html (accessed April 12, 2011).

Operation Anaconda

United States distribute Force Tactical Air Combat ascendences saved the lives of many of the olders and the stainless operation by call in close glory support, strafe, and bombing runs. The air operations took out machine munition nest and bunker that were pin down American troops in the valley. The were also mortar teams raining shells down on to United States and Coalition troops in the valley that were unmake by United States Air Force Tactical Air Combat Controllers from therere observation points on each side of the valley.The Tactical Air Combat Controllers air strikes allowed the pinned down troops to make much needed headway to find better cover and state returning fire on the machine gun nest and mortar teams. The United States and Coalition troops finally took the valley after heavy fire and sustained losses, which were drastly lessened by the United States Air Force Tactical Air Combat Controllers. In totally the were only eight dead and eighty ingerd United States troops.To become a Combat Controller ricuers one of the most rigorous sets of training in the US military. The CCT pipeline has a wash out rate upwards of 80-85%, mostly due to slipstream and injuries sustained during training. The Air Force is working to lower the washout rate through proper education, testing and rigorous pre-pipeline training. Combat Controllers maintain air vocation controller qualification skills throughout their career in addition to other special operations skills.Many qualify and maintain proficiency as Joint ending attack controllers. Their 35-week initial training and unique mission skills earn them the right to wear the scarlet beret and their 3 skill level. From that point they attend a 12-15-month move on skill training course to obtain their 5 skill level. Once they complete AST their training pipeline is finished and they are mission-ready Combat Controllers. Operation anaconda By Phillipcolburn

Street Racing and Li Ping Wong

I INTRODUCTONStreet travel has long been identified as a threat to civil familiarity with significant social and economic impact. Street racing threatens the lives of other road users and causes unnecessary nuisance to the normal. at that place are several shipway to prevent teenagers from being involved in il licit racing are parents need to play their role, organizing campaigns and talks, and creating profound racing area.II BODYA. One ways to prevent teenagers from being involved in illegal racing are parents need to play their role. 1. Family socio economic status and family structure may knead an adolescent risk taking behaviours (Li Ping Wong, 2011) a. Parents must give attention to their teenagers.b. Parental support,monitoring and strict rules and attitudes match to Li Ping Wong.2. Parents should also spend more time with teenagers a. Give more attention.B. Another ways is organizing campaign and talks.1. Government should hold campaigns and talks about road safety a t school and public area. a. Contain with information that tells about the effects of illegal racing. 2. Organizers of the campaigns bring along former street racer. a. talks about the disadvantages and the effect of illegal racing. b. Make teenagers realize the dangers of illegal racing.C. One other ways is creating legal racing area1. Collaboration with other organization, a legal racing venue (Kenny J.Peak, 2004) a. Divert a safer racing environment b. Experience the positive expect of legal racing. 2. Participant rules should be in place a. Posses a valid driver licence and vehicle insurance b. Submit to safety inspectionsIII CONCLUSIONIllegal racing is associated with a course of participants, parents and family characteristics. Government also should take action by preventing this problem become worst. Parents need to play their role, organizing campaigns and talks, and creating legal racing area for seems to be the ways to prevent teenagers from being involved in illegal ra cing.

Data Summary and Discussion

The selective information presented shows the sum up charged on commendation cards by theaters of a given size and income. This info shows that while the amount spent by classs varies depending on the size and income, the itemion of both might also have an important bearing on the amount of that households debt. The debt rate for the entire data set of 50 households is $1,864 to $5,678 per year, while the incomes in the set range from $21,000 to $67,000 per year. The households sizes in this data set range from one (1) to seven (7). When to each one variable is takensingly, one finds that each does to a significant ex carry predict the amount of debt that the household carries. What is specifically shown in this data is that households tend to have a higher amount of debt depending on the number of persons who live in the house, as it largest households by and large carry a debt amount that lies on the higher end of the spectrum. For example, the median(a) debt for the thr ee seven-person households lies at $4,911, which is solely about(predicate) seven hundred dollars below the highest debt amount of $5,678. The data also shows that the average debt for the five one-woman(prenominal) households is round $2,781.However, what the data also shows is that even though debt rises as the household size rises, it does so at a decreasing rate. The fact that the average debt for one-person households is significantly higher than the lower end of the range demonstrates that the low end might represent an extraneous amount, and indeed it does. This is the debt carried by a two-person household. A relegate resemblance of the one-person household average debt could be made with the calculated debt per head for the entire data set. The total number of persons in all households is 171, and the total debt for all households is $198,203.The average debt per capita for this group of persons is about $1,159. This, compared with the average debt for the one-person h ouseholds, shows that the debt for the one-person households does represent a disproportionately high size of twice as overmuch as the overall per capita debt. This might be explained by the fact that the fix costs for households generally perch relatively the same regardless of how many persons may live in the house. different factors that bear on this are extraneous, such as the spending patterns and financial awareness of the persons in each household. However, another major(ip) factor to consider in predicting household debt is the annual income of the persons within each house.Which is a Better predictor household size or income?However, further analysis shows that even household, by itself, does not predict the amount of debt very well. In fact, the data points toward the fact that household size predicts the annual credit card charges give way than household income. Looking back at the previous example, one sees a household that earns $26,000 producing debt comparable t o approximately of the higher-end earners.Part of this debt size has to be attributed to the fact that the household earning such a small income in comparison to other household is faced with the challenge of supporting seven persons. Another household earning $23,000 supports six persons and shows credit card charges of $4,127 per year. Other households of comparable earnings ($21,000 and $27,000) show smaller credit card charges of $2,448 and $2,477 respectively, and this can be attributed to their smaller household sizes.Combination of Household Size and EarningsThe income range for the data set has already been stated as $21,000 to $67,000. The total income for this group is $2,174,000 and the average income is $43,480. The average debt for each household is $3,964 which falls approximately in the middle of the $1,864 to $5,678 range. However, what one notices is that though the average debt for the three 7-person households is shown to be $4,911, the highest debt in that segme nt goes to the household with the highest income.Therefore, the $5,301 debt goes to the household that earns $55,000 per year, while the lowest debt of $4,603 goes to the household that earns only $26,000 per year. This demonstrates that the combination of household size and household income is an overall better predictor of credit card charges that any of those variables alone. According to this, a household made up of three persons and earning $40,000 should show a credit card charge within the median range of about $3,800 $4,100. This would be expected to be comparable to any other household of three persons, yet approximately below those households of three that have higher earnings.Other selective information Necessary to Make Accurate PredictionsOther information concerning these households loans, mortgages, and neighbourhood locations would also be requested of the client. According to the discussion above, though, it would appear that despite the fact that household size p redicts the annual credit card charges better than household income, other factors also happen upon the size of credit card debt. What one notes is that most of the low-earning households do still show a disproportionately higher amount of debt than their counterparts of high-earning households with similar household sizes. Households that, for example earn twice as much as another do not generally show twice as much debt in this data set.Neither is this so for households that have twice as many persons. One contributor to this is the existence of fixed costs, as mentioned above. However, this does not account for all the discrepancies. Therefore, other factors that might contribute to credit card charges acknowledge the amount of previous debt (such as university tuition loans, mortgages, etc) that each household has incurred. They may also include the households attitude toward its finances and toward debt in general. Other factors involve the cost of living within the geograph ical area of the particular household and the general lifestyle to which the household is accustomed.Work CitedProfessors Name. Data Sheet. Name of Class. City University, 2007.

Writing and David Foster Wallace

Writing assignment Write a well- coordinated, 2-3 paragraph repartee to Wallachs speech. Your response should be typed, double-spaced, and in a reasonable-sized font. This required writing will not be label with a letter-grade. However, you will receive written comments in response to your paper, and this paper will prepare you for your origin formal essay assignment. Questions to consider as you write your response 1 . What are some of your preferred ideas from the speech, and why are these Ideas compelling to you? For Wallace, what Is Important closely a college education? 3. What do you think well-nigh Wallachs Ideas regarding education? 4. For you, what Is Important about a college education? You do not need to answer distributively of these questions In order. Rather, synthesize your ideas into a well-organized response that captures your views about Wallachs speech, and your views about education. For next class, please come fain to converse a few quotes from the Wallac e essay that you found particularly compelling.More importantly, please be prepared to discuss why these quotes were compelling to you. As this is your first writing assignment, and as this is the first day of class, youre probably inquire what I want to see in your writing. While each of your writing assignments will require various approaches, generally speaking I want to see the following Passion/Excellent/Engagement with division Do you really try to realize 1) discoveries? Do you really explore your Ideas and experiences, and the Ideas presented by the writers to whom you are responding?In other words, do you take your position as writer and thinker seriously? Do you make this essay your own? Do you trouble about what you are saying? Do you want your readers to care about what you are saying? 2) Organization Does you have an introduction that sets up a blueprint for what the heartsease of the essay will look like? Does your essay have a conclusion? Do you organize your to pics and ideas into neat paragraphs and units? 3) Style Is your essay written in an appropriate, academic tone? Do you project empowerment? Logic and Support Do your ideas make sense, and are they presented in a logical order? atomic number 18 your claims supported by relevant details? 5) Clear writing, grammar, and mechanics Is your essay free from serious sentence- level errors. 6) Creativity Does your essay surprise? Do you use colorful language, Images, and examples? Do you go In unhoped and Interesting directions? Do you reveal yourself In this essay and do you truly try to write about ideas that are important to you? Class with some questions about the syllabus.

Anatomy and Physiology Essay

Define/ tell a give the following terms as completely and detailed as you net 1. Inflammation- Inflammation is the bulging of throw together, pipe organs, or other trunk split due to legato buildup caused an injury. The fluid rushes to the inju broth-red argona and that is what makes the puffiness. 2. High Fructose Corn Syrup- (HFCS) Composed of corn and lab chemicals. HFCS is found in processed victualss such as salad dressing and soda. Your body does non recognize it as sustenance so it shunts the HFCS to a fat cell and that is what causes weight soak up. 3.The 4 parts of the vertebral column plus 1 special part- The four parts of the vertebral column are do up of twenty nightspot vertebrae each fractured by an intravertebral disc which absorbs shock to the vertebrae. The first part is called cervical vertebrae, there are seven of them, they are the smallest vertebrae and they are at the top of your neck. The first of the cervical vertebrae is called the atlas and the second is called axis of gyration and it allows your head to turn side to side. Next are the thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae are the next 12 low(a) your cervical vertebrae.These vertebrae are larger and thicker than the cervical vertebrae. The next specialises of vertebrae are your lumbar vertebrae which are the survive five vertebrae in your lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are your biggest, strongest and thickest vertebrae. They need to be big and strong because they reassert the weight of your body. The sacrum is at the very end of your vertebral column. The sacrum is composed of five fused vertebrae. *Fun item giraffes and humans confound the same number of vertebrae.* The special part of your vertebral column is called the coccyx.The coccyx is fit(p) at the very end of your vertebral column. The coccyx has no real function. 4. Bone totality and hemoglobin- hemoglobin plays a big role in cellular respiration and group O supply. Hemoglobin carries type O. Bone marrow is a soft, net homogeneous mass of connective waver that is in the medullary cavities of arises classified as long hit the bookss. The marrow is housed in the spaces of the spongy bones. Spongy bone is most abundant in the proximal and distal epiphysiss of a long bone.There are two types of bone marrow, red and yellow.Yellow bone marrow stores fat and red marrow functions in the formation of red and sinlessness slant cells. Red bone marrow receives its color from hemoglobin because it stores oxygen which turns blood red. 5. The 3 forms of the skin- The integumental has three parts the epicorium is the come oner layer and it lack blood, the second layer of skin is the dermis and it carries nutrients, the third and net layer of skin is called the subcutaneous layer and it is fixed under the dermis. The subcutaneous layer sits respectable Next to fat and it the most inside layer. 6. The 3 types of go across tissue- Muscle tissue is abject down into three layers and a covering called fascia that covers every fineg. The first and most outside layer it called epimysium and it surrounds the muscle as a whole.The second layer of muscle tissue is known as the perimysium and it surrounds the bundles of muscle cases. The final and most inner layer of muscle tissue is the endomysium and it surrounds each individual muscle fiber. 7. Type I and II muscle fibers- Smooth muscle in particular has two types of muscle fiber, multiunit and visceral. Multiunit muscle fibers are sepa esteemd unlike visceral tissue that is make up of sheets and spindle shaped cells. Multiunit muscle fibers base be found in the irises of your eyeball and visceral tissue is common in hollow organ like the stomach.Cellular Metabolism1. Explain the function of metamorphosis- Metabolism builds and give ways down particles. The main function of the metabolism is to synthesize, use and store energy. 2. Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism- anabolism is the buildup of large r molecules from smaller ones which requires energy and catabolism is the opposite it breaks down large particles to produce energy.3. Describe how energy in the form of ATP cash in ones chipss usable for cellular dallyivities- Energy in the form of ATP is used for many cellular activities. To produce ATP, automatic data processing has to combine with a third phosphate and that creates ATP for cellular activities such as glycolysis which is the first spirit in cellular respiration. 4. Describe the steps of protein synthesis- Information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which is messenger RNA, and so the mRNA is translated into a series of amino acids. The two steps are transcription and then translation.Integumentary placement1. Describe the structure of the layers of the skin- The epidermis is the top layer that you foundation touch and it lacks blood. Next is the dermis, the dermis carries nutrients and conducts the tomentum cerebri follicles, it similarly de fy your sweat gland ducts. The most inner layer of the skin is called the subcutaneous layer, it is not a true layer of skin but it helps to conserve body heat and it helps keep out unwanted heat from the outside. 2. Summarize the factors that determine skin color- Skin color is determined largely by melanin. Everyone has approximately the same number of melanocytes but genetics determine how firm and how much melanin the melanocytes produce.The more melanin you have the darker your skin is. 3. Describe wound healing- The wound and the area around it become swollen or exaspe tell due to fluid that leaked into the injured area. This is not a bad thing because it provides the area with more nutrients and oxygen which aids healing. If a break on the skin is shallow then the epithelial cells divide accelerated and the new cells fill the broken area. If the cut is deep into the dermis or subcutaneous layer to blood vessels form a blood clot and the dried tissue fluids help to form a s cab. Cells plow continuously to clear away dead cells and other remains and eventually it is all replaced with new cells under the scab and they scab will in time come off.If the wound is deep then panoptic construction of collagenous fibers may create a raised portion of skin called a scar. 4. How hind end a somebody reduce developing skin cancer during their lifetime?- In order to avoid developing skin cancer a person should avoid exposing their skin to high-intensity sunlight, use sunscreens, examine skin regularly. 5. incline two examples of modified sweat glands in the body and what they privye- The two types of sweat glands are eccrine glands and apocrine glands.Eccrine glands secrete sweat that is carries through a tube called a duct and released at the surface of a pore. (Ex Eccrine glands release the sweat that you feel on your palms when you get nervous.) The apocrine glands, become active when you hit puberty, secrete sweat as well but they release it when a person is emotionally upset, sexually aroused, scared or in pain. Sweat develops a scent when it interacts with bacteria.6. What two circumstantial properties of skin allow it to regulate body temperature?- In order to regulate body temperature theskin take to release heat as needed or conserve heat as needed. When the body becomes as well as hot it sends a message to your blood vessels to dilate and that allows blood to come in and heat to elude. When your body becomes too cold it sends a message to your blood vessels to constrict which does not allow heat to escape your body.Skeletal organization1. Explain how calcium levels are maintained in the blood and bone- Homeostasis of the calcium levels in bone is controlled by resorption and deposition of calcium into the bones. Also 3-5% of calcium in bones is transfer each year. If you have less than 3-5% you would be a midget but if you have more than 3-5% then you would be a giant. Osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts build bone .2. Explain why the shoulder give voice and hip joints are more peregrine than the finger joints- The shoulder and hips joints are ball-and-socket joints and are more mobile than your finger joints, which are condylar joints, because ball-and-socket joints are literally a ball like shaped bone that sits in a cup shaped cavity in anther bone. The placement and shape of these bones allows for rotation and movement on all planes. Condylar joints like the fingers are like puzzles everything fits together. But just like a puzzle you can bend them it but they dont rotate. 3. List the active tissues in a bone-Bone tissueCartilageDense connective tissueBloodNervous tissue4. fare between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each- The axial skeleton consists of your thoracic cage which is your ribs, vertebral column, and sternum, and xiphoid process. The axial skeleton consist of your limbs(arms and legs), pectoral girdle(scapula and clavicles), and your pelvic girdle(coccyx, sacrum, ilium, ischium, pubis anterior and medial) 5. List six types of synovial joints, and describe the actions of each- Ball-and-socket- Movement in all planes and enables rotation. Condylar- Variety of movement in antithetic planes but no rotation.Plane- Sliding or twisting.Hinge- Flexion or extension.Pivot- Rotation around a primal axis.Saddle- Variety of movements, mainly in two planes.6. List all 6 types of synovial joints and describe/ rationalize each one. List one example for each- Ball-and-socket-Ball shaped head of a bone articulates with the cavity of another(prenominal) bone. (Ex hip) Condylar-oval-shaped condyle f one bone articulates with egg-shaped cavity of another bone. (Ex Phalanges. Excluding the thumb)Plane-articulating surfaces are almost flat or slightly curved. (Ex carpals)Hinge-Convex surface of one bone articulates with a concave surface of another. (Ex elbow)Pivot-Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with the ring of bone and liga ment. (Ex vertebrae)Saddle-the surface of one bone fits the surfaces of another. (Ex thumb)Muscular Sy al-Qaida1. What happens to muscles when a weight shoplifter becomes sedentary? when a weight lifter becomes sedentary his muscle mass is going to begin to come because he isnt using them. His muscles are just going to keep shrinking and shrinking. This happens as rapidly as two weeks. 2. Describe the sliding filament theory and steps of muscular contraction- Muscle fiber releases ACh.Protein receptors sense Ach being released.Green light (stimulus) is received by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Signal to release Ca+. Ca+ is given to sarcoplasm.Ca+ interacts with your tropomyosin and triponin.Actin will cross-bridge (contraction)Ca+ returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum so link is broken and muscle relaxes. 3. Describe the differences between slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers- slow twitch muscle give you the ability to do exercise for alonger period of time because they fati gue slower and are efficient in the use of oxygen to produce more fuel or ATP.Fast twitch muscle fibers are good for fast bursts of exercise because they fatigue quickly and they can fire more rapidly than slow twitch fibers. 4. come across the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and the function of each- Myofibrils- they consist of actin and myosin and aid in the act of contraction. Myosin- Thick proteinActin- thin proteinSarcomere- units for muscle contraction-I bands- composed of actin-Z lines-5. Explain how muscular contractions move body parts and help maintain posture-Muscle tone is a form of sustained contractions, which are contractions that occur even when we issue to be standing still. They keep our body upright a.k.a. posture. These contractions are responses to nerve impulses that come from the spinal stack and stimulate the muscle fibers to move. If our body loses muscle tone then we would collapse. Which is what happens when a person is unconscious.Nervous Syste m1. Describe the general functions of the idea stem- the brainstem is nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. The brainstem has three separate parts. Midbrain- reflex centers associated with the eyes and head movement. Pons- transmits impulses between the cerebrum and other parts of the nervous system. Also helps regulate vivacious Medulla Oblongata- transmits all ascending (to the brain) and descending (away from the brain) impulses and contains several vital and non-vital reflex centers. 2. Why can a person still be alive even though they are brain dead?- You can still be alive and be brain dead it just means that your brain stem doesnt written report.When you are brain dead its like being in a coma. You cant move anything or understand anything but you are still there. You would live in a infirmary or have 24/7 monitoring and you would be living off tubes and wires. 3. Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord- the first layer of covering over t he brain and spinal cord is dura matter.dura mater matter is the outermost layer. It made up of tough, white, fibrous connectivetissue and contains many blood vessels and also nerves. The second layer is arachnoid matter. This matter is thin and does not contain many blood vessels and it lies right below the dura matter. The innermost layer and final layer is the pia matter. This matter is very thin and does contain many blood vessels and nerves to nourish underlying cells in the brain and spinal cord. 4. represent the cranial nerves and list their major functions-Olfactory- sense of smellOptic- visionOculomotor- eye movementTrigeminal- controls nervus facialis expressionsVestibular- controls hearing and vestibularGlassopharengeal- controls vernacularVagus- longest nerve in the bodyAccessory- shoulders and neck movementHypoglossal- tongue in speaking movement, swallowing, and chewing. Trochlear- eye movementAbducens- eye movementFacial- facial expressionsVestibulochlear- house he aring receptors5. sleep with between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the involuntary nervous system- The sympathetic division are your fight or flight responses. If you are getting cornered in an ally you a have a set of responses that you may put forward. This division acts under stressful situations. The parasympathetic division is your responses for normal situations. This division activates under normal situations.The Senses1. Describe how the sense of pain is produced- free nerve endings on your skin pick up stimulating from sensations of pain and send them to the brain. There are two different types, touch and pressure is get together to the surface of the body and deep pressure senses are impulses from pain in the internal tissues. 2. Explain the machine for smell- the olfactory nerve is the nerve in your body that controls the sense of smell. Your sense of smell is a chemoreceptor so it picks up and reacts with the chemicals that you smell.3. Explain the mechanism for judge- Taste is also a chemoreceptor. The organs of taste are located in the papillae, which are otherwise known as your taste buds. You have 5 different taste cells, sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty. In order to taste the chemicals in nutrition your saliva has to break down the chemicals and release them before your papillae picks up on the taste. 4. Name the parts and explain the functions of the outer, middle, and inner part of the ear-The outer ear is made up of our auricle and the external acoustic meatus. It simply picks up sound and funnels sound into the next part of the ear, which is the middle ear.The middle ear is made up of the tympanic cavity otherwise known as the eardrum. The ear drum is made up of three auditory bones in which the vibration exonerate through and create the sound that is sent to the inner ear where the auditory cortex interprets the sensory impulses. 5. Distinguish between static and high-power equilibrium- static equilibrium senses when the head is still and maintains balance throughout and dynamic equilibrium senses when the body and head are moving and tries to maintain balance.Endocrine System1. Explain how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood levels of glucose- Glucagon and insulin work against each other in the regulating of blood sugar. Glucagon stimulates the liver-colored to break down glycogen and convert some noncarbohydrates, for example amino acids, into glucose to raise the blood sugar. Insulin on the other hand does the exact opposite. Insulin stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.Also, the discrimination of insulin encourages transport of amino acids into cells, increases the rate and time of protein synthesis, and stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat. 2. Distinguish between internal secretion and exocrine glands- the exocrine glands secret hormones into ducts and the endocrine system secretes hormones into body fluids. The Endocrine system h as 5 parts, the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.3. Name and describe the major endocrine glands and list the hormones they secrete- Pituitary- hormones pituitary gland which is at the base of the brain and it controls all hormones, the growth hormone uses carbohydrates at a faster rate in order to make your body grow, next is the thyroid-stimulating hormone which controls the secretion of hormones fromthe thyroid but the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH, last is the anti diaretic hormone which forces the kidneys to conserve water. Thyroid- the thyroid gland is made up of follicles that store hormones and it is located in the neck.The thyroid gland releases Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which increase the metabolic rate of cells, enhance protein synthesis and stimulate lipid operation. Parathyroid- secretory cells that contain capillaries. The parathyroid gland secretes the parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium and decreases blood phospha te ion levels. Adrenal- made up of the adrenal medulla, which secretes adrenaline and nonrepinephrine. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls the secretion of these hormones. The adrenal cortex also makes up the adrenal gland and it produces a number of steroid hormones such as aldosterone, and cortisol, and adrenal sex hormones.Pancreas- the pancreas secretes digestive juices and hormones. The pancreas is attached to the small intestine and it secretes glucagon and insulin. (See number 1) 4. Describe how the body responds to stress- Stress is caused by a threat to the maintenance of homeostasis. The hypothalamus controls the stress responses. These responses embarrass your fight or flight responses such as raise in blood sugar, glycerol and fat acids. Increased heart rate, blood pressure and an increase in the breathing rate, increase in epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (See answer 3).Digestive System and Nutrition1. Identify each of the organs/st ructures of the digestive system and discuss how the function of each one contributes to the digestive process- Mouth- aids in the mechanical break down of food. This process begins digestion. Salivary glands- release an enzyme called saliva which begins the chemical digestion of food and produces the taste also. Pharynx- pushes food to the esophagus.Esophagus- pushes food the stomachStomach- when the stomach receives the food from the esophagus it mixes it with juices and begins the protein digestion then to is sent to the small intestine. Small intestine- takes out the nutrients from the food and moves the waste to the large intestine. Large intestine- reabsorbs water to formfeces.2. Name and describe the many negative wellness effects and diseases associated with corn syrup/high levulose corn syrup consumption- Obesity- excessive weight gain is a result of the increase in consumption of HFCS. Your body cannot recognize HFCS as a food so it shunts it to a fat cell and you eat mor e because you dont know your full. Liver- fructose can only break down in liver so it makes your liver fatty which can lead to diabetes Diabetes- high or low blood sugar in this case high because you work through so much FAKE sugar that your body secretes it into your blood because it doesnt know what else to do with it.3. In class, I used ketchup and processed-peanut butters as an example that not many people know contain corn syrup and high fructose corn sugar (among other sugars). List 4 products that contain corn syrup/high fructose corn syrup that would trick a consumer- Bread cook out sauceGood (supposedly) cereals even Special KCrackersHamburgers