Diffusion and Osmosis Through Dialysis tubing Essay Example for Free

Diffusion and Osmosis Through Dialysis tubing EssayWe did this prove to test the dispersal of different substances through dialysis tubing. We used what we knew about scattering to make predictions on what we thought the big bucks of the dialysis tubing to be after submerging them for 30 mins and we knew that screen occurs from highest concentration to lowest concentration.Since the dialysis tubings are change with different substances than what they are being put into then they should all gain or lose bus. If the dialysis tubing is submersed in different substance than what is in the tubing then roughly of the dialysis tubings will lose piling and some will gain mass. To begin this examine we change 5 dialysis tubings with one of the five substances weewee, egg white, NaCl, glucose, or sucrose. The equipment used was 5 dialysis tubing, a scale, bekers, water, egg white, sucrose, glucose, NaCl, and 5 cups. We put the five dialysis tubing filled with one of the five s ubstance into a cup filled with one of the substance water, egg white, NaCl, glucose, or sucrose. Then we let them sit in at that place for 30 mins then took them out of the cups and remassed them.The dialysis tubing did let some of the different solutions in provided not all of them. Most of the dialysis tubing gained mass and some woolly some mass as well. We found that the substances go from an surface area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The data supports our purpose of doing this experiment to describe out what happens when a substance in a dialysis tubing is put into a cup of a difference substance to see which ones gain mass and which ones lose mass. A pattern of the data is that the control group did not gain or lose mass. Two of the substances gained mass and ii of the substance lost mass. Our results proved our hypothesis that some of the dialysis tubings would gain mass and some of the dialysis tubing would lose mass. Because two of the dialys is tubings gained mass and two of the dialysis tubings lose mass it just shows that the substances went for an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.A few errors of our experiment is that we could have not used enough of the substances in the dialysis tubings or we could have left the dialysis tubings the cups of substance for a long amount of time which could have changed our results majorly because the more time the dialysis tubings sit in the cup of substances the more they had time to diffuse.Osmosis through Dialysis TubesWe performed this experiment to see how water moves across a semi-permeable membrane. We filled the dialysis tubes with different Mole concentrations of sucrose, and we used our knowledge of osmosis to figure out the different concentrations. If the dialysis tube increases both in size and weight, then that dialysis tube had the highest mole concentration of sucrose.We learned that during osmosis, a form of passive airing which means tha t it requires no energy to move across the membrane, water will always move to the area w here the water concentration is lower, so if the sucrose has a high mole concentration then the water will move into the bag since there is less water there, and if the bag has a low mole concentration then there will be little water moving into the bag since there is already a relatively high concentration in the bag.The materials we used to conduct this experiment were 6 Dialysis Tubes, 6 different mole concentrations of sucrose (0 M concentration, 2 x 10M concentration, 4 x 10 M concentration, 6 x 10 M concentration, 8 x 10 M concentration, 1 M concentration), 6 cups to hold the water, a scale to weigh the mass of the dialysis tubes to begin with submerging the bags in water and after.To begin this experiment we first filled the bags with the different mole concentrations of sucrose, the different concentrations were color-coordinated with different colors for a different concentration. un dermentioned we weighed the mass of the bags before submerging them in the water, and filled the cups with water so that we could submerge the tubes. later the bags were massed and the cups were filled with water we submerged the bags for 30 minutes. After the 30 minutes were up we took the bags out of the water and blotted them off with a dry paper towel. Finally we massed the bags and recorded our results so that we could compare them with the results from before we submerged the tubes.After analyzing our results we concluded that the Blue substance was water, because it gained no mass,The purple substance was the 2 x 10 M concentration because it gained little mass, more than the blue substance.The flatboat green substance the 4 x 10 M concentration because it gained some mass, more than the 2 x 10 .concentration but not as much as the 6 x 10 M concentration.The red substance was the 6 x 10 M concentration because it gained more mass than the 4 x 10 M concentration but less tha n the 8 x 10 M concentration.The green substance was the 8 x 10 M concentration because it gained more mass than the .6 Molar concentration but less than the 1 M concentration, and finally the Yellow substance was the 1 M concentration, because it gained the most mass.Our results answered our question, How can you tell the molar concentration of a 0 .2, .4, .6, .8 , and 1 molar concentration of sucrose? Our results showed us that our hypothesis, If the dialysis tube increases both in size and weight, then that dialysis tube had the highest mole concentration of sucrose, was in like manner correct because the Yellow substance gained the most mass out of all the new(prenominal) substances and was also the substance with the highest Molar concentration of 1, and the Blue concentration gained no mass therefore it was water, because if there is as much water on the inner as the outside then no osmosis takes place.Some sources of error for this experiment is that we could have left the solutions in longer, possibly changing our results. Or that we could have also not used enough of the solutions.Diffusion using Potato roundsWe are conducting this experiment in order to see what happens during the process known as diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane. Our hypothesis was that if the Molar concentration is higher in a sucrose solution then the tater will lose mass and if the Molar concentration is lower in a sucrose solution then the potato will gain mass.We learned about diffusion and how a semi-permeable membrane only lets certain molecules pass through it. Diffusion is the act of a molecule passively passing through a semi-permeable membrane. This action of diffusion helps regulate the cells processes and this is done on a regular basis so that the cell can live and function.For this experiment we needed 36 potato sticks (18 of a sweet potato and 18 of a regular potato), 6 sucrose solutions (0M, .2M, .4M, .6M, .8M, and 1M), a scale, cups. First what we did was we massed our potato sticks, and recorded them. Next we filled the cups with the different solutions of sucrose and submerged the potato sticks for 30 minutes. After the 30 minutes we massed the potato sticks and recorded the changes and analyzed the previous data with the data we received, here are our resultsAfter analyzing our results, we concluded that the potato sticks in the Blue concentration gained the most mass out of all the solutions, and the yellow concentration grained not mass, but instead lost mass. This is because water will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. We also calculated the water potential of the potato sticks and found it to be -7.86 for a regular potato and -17.01 for the sweet potato.All of the experiments that we did, the substances had a semi-permeable membrane that only let certain things through it. All of the experiments consisted of displace different substances into cups filled with different solution and seeing if they lost or gained mass dependent on if the amount of water that was in the substances and the solutions. There was a pattern throughout all of the experiments where one of the substances in the cups of solution gained nor lost mass but stayed the same and two of the substances in the cups of solution gained mass and two of the substances in the cups of solution lost mass.

Investors Valuation of Stock Essay Example for Free

Investors Valuation of Stock EssayAn investor should value a stock by looking at the intrinsic value of the stock and how the market value comp atomic number 18 to the intrinsic value. The most common mathematical method of valuing stock is to image the price earnings ratio (P/E). The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the share price by the companys net income. As a general rule a P/E ratio should be in the higher(prenominal) teens. Stocks with a below-market P/E are considered cheaper, and a higher P/E ratio are considered expensive (Kansas, 2014). To evaluate if a stock is under or over-valued investors should look at the CAPM ( foodstuff securities Line) based on the Beta of the company and determine the performance of the stock.An investor can use indexes, such as the Dow Jones, NYSE, or SP 500, in stock valuation. Value investing is common for investors. It is trick of price so the buyer buys a stock at a lower price than true worth or sells at a higher price than true worth. Considering all variables and determining true fault in price, this method provides investors easy margins. Investors value stocks using various strategies and methods, but all cause factors are in hopes of gaining margin and growth of the company invested in. The concept of stock valuation is simple. However, predicting the future is not as simple and can be complicated. Market Valuation of StockMarket and investors value stock differently. The market depends on expectations and recent information available to the market. The markets value of stock are usually based on past history and trends. Based on current economic conditions we look at the past and see how it would look loss forward. Through use of charts, value lines, or other indicators, the market looks at certain things such as floors, ceiling, resistance points, when valuing stock. The stock value is a corporate price based on numerous variables considered, equaling a companys worth combined with social trends a nd economic factors. The most common value of a stock for the market is the open and close prices.NASDAQ uses an auction approach called theory baffle and closing cross to determine stock prices (Stock Market Prices, 2014). The opening cross uses computer software to determine opening prices for stocks based on night trading buying and selling of stock during close of business. The closing cross software calculates closing price based onthat days trades. The technology takes into consideration each trade made at the exchange and sets what is referred to as the fairest closing price. The final stock prices are released after close of the exchange and work as a main factor for night trading. The amount an investor is impulsive to pay is often dependent on the prices set by the market.Stock Market Prices. (2014). http//money.howstuffworks.com/nasdaq-opening-closing- cross1.htmKansas, D. (2014). Evaluating a Stock. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http//guides.wsj.com/personal-fin ance/investing/how-to-evaluate-a-stock/.

Does the Media Frame Social Reality?

Does the Media Frame Social Reality?Critically assess the proposition that the media frames social reality.IntroductionRoughly developing movementes in modern association place all aspects of life. In the end, it highlights the importance of the development of worldly concern sentience of people, their communication, interaction and relationship at all levels of activities.In our time, such thing as survey media renders huge psychological cultivate on intellect of the person all over the world. Unfortunately, nows media presented by reality which is substantially mediated by some adepts opinion. Moreover, it is simplified and doesnt offer any reflection or the analysis. Entman (2007 164) suggests that in certain way this entropy can be dangerous, as the person accepts refined discipline without personal reflection. In such case, media can inspire and change a lot of things. Therefore, for us it is much easier to plunge into the flow of information, than critically get win d to perceive it.Today, media is a powerful factor of influence on a mental figure of people. For the last decade there was a set of researches on the matter of media in absolutely various spheres (press, television, advertising, radio, internet). After all, as Hodkinson (2011 109) states, the distinctive features of any media in the world have always been such things as promotional material and ambiguous inconsistent tool of media itself. This fact stimulates new growth of researches about possible ways and consequences of integration of media in social life of people.Media framing of public consciousness batch media became the main tool for distribution of the messages that influence public consciousness (Hodkinson, 2011 111).The modern person cant evade mass media influence. In other words, impact of media on public opinion oftentimes described as mind usage. This phenomenon, as Hodkinson (2011 113) insists, is very widespread in Great Britain, unite States and the developed countries of Asia. For greater success, such thing as mind control should always remain imperceptible. The success of usance is guaranteed, when the viewer believes that all events argon graphic and inevitable.It is important, that peoples trust is neutral to all main social institutes. Audience should believe that the government, mass media and science are behind a manikin of clashing social interests. So, at that full point, institutes can settle different situations and protect interests of citizens. Entman (2007 167) believes that the government takes the main place in the myth about neutrality. On the one hand, the myth assumes honesty and impartiality of the government and its components. On the other hand, such things as corruption, deception and fraud, which were showed from time to time, are accepted to move to military man weaknesses. Institutes are higher than suspicions. Fundamental durability of all system is provided with careful thought about the work of its comp onents. It is considered that media is also should be neutral for giving the publicity the realistic analysis of life. Any deviations are admitted, but mass media assures us that it is no more than the mistakes of certain people that cant be considered as a whole reliable institute of distribution of information. One of the most important rules of mind manipulation is the success that depends on how fully you will isolate the addressee from saucy influence. Ideal situation is the total absence of alternative sources of information and opinion. Mind control is incompatible with dialogue and public debate.Hodkinson (2011 117) mentioned that the main subroutine of mind manipulation is non precisely about the control of public opinion, but also about its integration into society. It is important to send public consciousness to the necessary point and to crumble installation on certain reactions to different events. The integrated opinion should be perceived as personal and it shou ld be real, not imposed, created by the intrinsic way that has arisen from the persons mind according to the analysis of received information. It looks like deception. But it is not always necessary to perceive mind manipulation as a negative factor. Today, provision of integrity to state and need of reforms are the parts of any countrys policy. It follows that it is necessary to prepare society for any changes. Therefore media in this case are irreplaceable assistant and powerful control tool. The main thing is to be able to dispose it wisely.Mass media cover various actual public problems. As a result, they influence opinion and behavior of people both in society and in person. Media today is a powerful tool of impact on a social and psychological condition of people. Greatest degree of influence is the audience with the weak consciousness which has not have personal outlook. Nevertheless, the sides of influence can be both positive, and negative.Long and Wall (2013 359) agree th at it is possible to allocate direct aspects of main functions of media information transfer, the entertainment, informative and educational tool. But there is also some deeper influence that can be imperceptible for the first time. For example, with the help of the media, the public opinion was created the condition of the mass consciousness comprising the hidden or obvious relation of various social problems. That is how reality events formed. It is important to note that right now there is accurately formulated public opinion about such global universal issues as prevention of ecological accident, nuclear and biological warfare and many more. As there is an accurate opinion in world consciousness about these problems, it is possible to say that media can observe some objective information which is not contradicting values of society, both allowing to create rather long-term and affirmed view. Internet is much extended now as well. Media system of searching and sending informatio n around the globe, generated by technologies, undoubtedly, got an absolute degree of freedom. This phenomenon opens huge possibilities for creativity, training and modeling. In addition, the virtual technologies created on the basis of understanding social reality, will bring doubtlessly advantage both for individual person, and the state system as a whole. Certainly these are the positive sides of media influence on public opinion and human activity.One of negative impacts of media is advertising, or, to be more precise, disinformation method acting. It is considered at the moment of making any serious decision. Sometimes media give news that considered as lie. As a matter of fact, disinformation goes from untrusted channels and stay in the mind of the person. Even though this method is useful because it is used at the moment of making any critical decision, this method is clearly not fair, and when the person will understand the truth, the result of disinformation will be alread y achieved. Fortunately, disinformation method observed not so often in modern media. Unfortunately, the method of framing used much more obviously.The frame method includes strict and careful selection of information, causing a figure of emotions. This method allows media to monitor and influence the audience, by manipulating different associations which built on typical persons thoughts. Stereotypes operate effectively all processes of perception of information. Perceiving process is the manual regulation of the obscure fact under an unchangeable common law (Entman, 2007 170). Therefore media prune down all submitted information or pitch it in a framework or common idea. The person should perceive the message without any efforts, thinking that information from mass media source is the unique and only right possible way of perception of reality.Media makes the person think stereotypically. It reduces intellectual level of messages, turning itself to ideal stupidity tool. It is po ssible only with the frame method of fixing unnecessary stereotypes in the mind of people.Thus, by means of various methods, influence of media is extremely important. It is possible to make the idea, that skillful manipulation of public consciousness can cause not only direct changes in cultural development and behavior of society, but also in a certain role of each social class and person separately.ConclusionA variety of mass media (the press, the Internet, radio, television) should conduct to an individualization of social activity and consciousness of the person and to give him the chance of a choice to watch or not watch TV, to read or not read the press, to list or not listen to broadcasts. But, after long studying of a question of media framing, the sad conclusion has been drawn. In fact, it is only illusion, the person has no choice. The great number of people is ceremony the homogeneous channels on television, the programs which are confirmed by state regulations. They read the same articles in magazines and newspapers, listen to the same radio and information releases, looking at for typical affairs, views, problems.Current situation generates ambiguity of media. As Hesmondhalgh (2013 39) reported, the development of mass communication services positively affects awareness of individuals about the world, but in the same time there is a factor which is actually manipulating consciousness of masses behind all this development process. Media is standing still among the first provocateurs of individual degradation, hackneyed views and behavior of people and developing uniformity of their reactions.Great British politician once said that the one, who owns information, owns the world. Today, it is possible to say with confidence that the one, who control media flow, is capable to influence the modern world.Reference listEntman, R. (2007) Framing Bias Media in the Distribution of Power, Journal of Communication, vol. 57, no. 1, March, pp. 163173.Hesmo ndhalgh, D. (2013) The Cultural Industries, capital of the United Kingdom Sage. pp. 37-633.Hodkinson, P. (2011) Media, Culture Society, London Sage. pp. 105-26.Long, P.and Wall, T. (2012) Media Studies, London Sage. pp.344-69.BibliographyCurran, J. (1986) Bending Reality, London Pluto.Marris, P. and Thornham, S. (1999) Media Studies A Reader, 2nd edition, Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press.Hall, S. (1997) Representation Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press.Rojek, C. (2013) Event Power, London Sage. pp. 112-121.

M Night Shyamalan, The Auteur

M dark Shyamalan, The AuteurManoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan, also known as M. nighttime Shyamalan, has earned his auteur reputation with film productions such as The 6th Sense, Unbreakable, and The Signs. He is best known for his ability to create a thoroughly fictional world with unbelievable events. His style is tumesce expressed through his films as most of his stories focus on the supernatural. In this respect, M. Night Shyamalan can easily manipulate the viewers expectations by means of mystical elements and breath-taking twists.It can be claimed that M. Night Shyamalan achieved great success with the 1999 blockbuster The ordinal Sense. The narrative structure of the film could be interpreted from two quite opposite perspectives. On the one hand, Malcolm Crowe is a therapist, who survives a gun shot accident and tries to help Cole Sear, a very unripe and ablazely introverted child. On the other hand, the intensity that surrounds the total plot line of the film keeps the audi ence in suspense until the very end of the film, only to reveal that Crowe has been murdered. The story then takes the viewers to a completely divergent dimension where Crowes presence is non physical anymore as he roams as a ghost who can be only seen by Cole. Indeed, it is the young Cole who helps Malcolm understand that he mustiness leave his mournful life in the past and move on to take his place among the living dead. This is a perfect example of how M. Night Shyamalan can play games with the viewers expectations.After the enormous success of The Sixth Sense, M. Night Shyamalan came back with yet another thrill film. Unbreakable is a story about ordinary populate looking for the supernatural element or event in their lives. Bruce Willis plays the role of David Dunn who soon move ins he has extraordinary abilities as a consequence of a train accident. The relationship amidst him and his son, Joseph, emphasizes the supernatural element as Joseph is very excited with the id ea that his bewilder is a real-life superhero. Meanwhile, David and his wife, Audrey, have to patch up their crumbling marriage. Sooner rather than later, however, David meets Elijah hurt, played by Samuel Jackson, who thinks and actually tries to persuade David that he is, indeed, a modern-day superhero. M. Night Shyamalan succeeds once more in surprising the audience with another twist in the plot. The viewers realize at the end of the film that Elijah has staged numerous disasters for the past some years in order for him to discover his superhero ego.Signs is yet another example of a typically characteristic M. Night Shyamalan film. Released in 2002, the film explores a different supernatural phenomenon of crop circles that soon turn out to be an alien invasion of global scale. Hollywood star Mel Gibson plays graham Hess who is a former attend of religion. As soon as his wife dies in a car accident, Graham decides to renounce his faith in God. Throughout the film Hess recoll ects the moment he saw his wife for the very last time and M. Night Shyamalan does an excellent job in conveying hidden messages. She talks to him about their family and asks him to tell his sidekick and a former baseball player, Merrill, to swing away. Although the audience might consider his wifes death as a random event in the storyline, the films finale proves that it is not a random event after all. In the scope where the alien is about to kill his son, Graham again remembers the moment when he talked to his wife dependable before she died. It is then when she somehow managed to foresee the future and tell her beloved how to save his family. Therefore, M. Night Shyamalan presents a story of Grahams moral passage from his loss in divine providence to the conditions that help him regain his religious faith again. It can be even argued that Graham is quite similar to Bruce Williss hero in The Sixth Sense who realizes and reconciles with the fact that he is a living dead man.In addition, the three films share common storyline features and themes. In The Sixth Sense Crowe cannot realize that he is a ghost at first and in Unbreakable David does not believe in his extraordinary powers and learns from both his son and Elijah that he must embrace them and the responsibility that comes with them. In Unbreakable Shyamalan presents the human side of mystical events in quite a new theme where he illustrates how different people could be. In Signs Mel Gibsons character questions his faith in God until the moment he understands that the circumstances, which helped him save his family, are not accidental. Indeed, Signs bears a strong religious theme as Graham Hess is being subjected to a test of what he actually believes in and why he believes it. Aided by a recovered memory and a supernatural occurrence, Graham Hess manages to revive his relationship with God.Moreover, not only does M. Night Shyamalan pay attention to the storyline of all his films, besides he also foc white plagues on interpersonal relations. It is important to note the strong relationship between Malcolm and Cole in The Sixth Sense, David and his son, Joseph, in Unbreakable, and Graham with both his children Morgan and Bo as well as Merrill, his younger brother, with his nephew and niece in Signs. Another aspect of Shyamalans work is the slow pace he imposes on the plot. Malcolm Crowe little by little realizes that he is dead in The Sixth Sense, David Dunn gradually sees the superhuman powers he has in Unbreakable, and Graham Hess gradually rediscovers his faith in God in Signs.Also, in order to establish a stronger and more emotional bond between the characters, M. Night Shyamalan uses long-take shots. For example, in The Sixth Sense shot duration helps him build up emotional bonds not only between Malcolm and Cole, but also between Cole and his mother, Lynn. There is also a scene in Unbreakable which is a direct analogue of the one that takes place at the Anniversary Dinn er restaurant in The Sixth Sense with the only exception being that David Dunn is alive as he talks to his wife, Audrey. M. Night Shyamalan makes use of long-take shots in Signs as well in order to highlight the strong bond between the two brothers. The most notable scene between Graham and Merrill is when they sit before the picture set and have a long conversation, in which they share their feelings on the menacing alien invasion and what they believe in. In such dialogue scenes, long-take shots are the most appropriate visual tool that can cast further emphasis on the strong emotional relationships between the main characters.Furthermore, M. Night Shyamalan uses windows, glasses, and mirrors as symbols for thematic reasons in most of his films. For example, in The Sixth Sense M. Night Shyamalan uses parallel shots and mirror two-baggers in a scene where Crowes wife, Anna, appears with a bottle of wine in order for them to celebrate the award Malcolm has earned for outstanding a chievement in the field of child therapy. Sitting in front of the fireplace they both enjoy it sarcastically, with their images reflected in the glass encased award. Shyamalan shows Malcolm and Anna as well as their reflection in parallel shots with purpose. The mirror image symbolizes the false reality of Crowe who soon becomes a reflection of himself.In addition, reflected images take an important part in Signs as well. When Graham comes out of the basement he feels as if the aliens are already gone and everything is back to normal again. It is then when he goes to take the television set from the closet and rolls it back into the living room. The measure of the scene turns into a powerful device as it only contributes to the one of the most horrifying scenes in the film. As soon as Graham brings the television set, there is a loud sound which emphasizes the terrifying revelation of an alien reflected on the screen. Similar shots are used in Unbreakable where the image of Elijah Price is reflected on a television set as well. It is an indisputable fact that the great amount of themes Shyamalan uses in his films reflects his directing style.Last but not least, M. Night Shyamalan makes cameo appearances in most of his films. In The Sixth Sense he appears as a doctor and shows in quite a short scene with Coles mother. In Unbreakable he plays the role of a drug dealer at a stadium, while in Signs Shyamalan takes a bigger part as prick Reddy, the veterinarian who is accused guilty by Graham of the car accident, in which Grahams wife died.In conclusion, the slow pace and mystical elements constitute the plots as well as the characters in M. Night Shyamalans films. This is what appears to be his signature and philosophy in terms of directing and this is why I think his films are far better(p) than the ordinary horror and thriller films. In addition to the visual technique, he also makes use of mystical elements and ambiguity in such a way that the storyline can easily get under the viewers skin and hold suspension until the very end.

Health and Safety Legislation in Malaysia Construction

Health and synthetic rubber Legislation in Malaysia ConstructionMalaysia structure industry is the higher fatalities comp ard with among all the industry in Malaysia table 1 occupational hazard by sector for the category of death from 2009 April to 2011 April shown at below. (Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), 2009-2011). Implementing sentry go and wellness destiny should be part of Contractors responsible. (Dongping.F, et al., 2006, p 434) Contractors abide by with Occupational Safety and Health make 1994 and Factories and Machinery billetplay 1967 to implementing rubberty and wellness requirement for the reflection web office to make the act in effect(p)ly minimize the cerebrovascular chance event rate and fatalities. (Omran, et al., 2008)A study into the effectiveness Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 in reducing fatalities and injury rates in Malaysia complex body part site.ObjectivesTo study of Occupation al Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by motiveors to implement at verbalism site.To reveal the barrier facing by decl ber of implementing Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on manifestation site.To identify the implement of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on actual anatomical structure site.BackgroundThe OSHA Malaysia is effective on 24 February 1994(Act 514). An act is to view rubber eraser, wellness and welf ar of persons who are at run away and to value other person against base hit risk or wellness in connection with the activities of persons at go. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), s.1)OSHA 1994 actually is quoted Occupational Safety and Health Act. The headings of OSHA 1994 deliver written and are under component part 4. An object of OSHA1994 is to secure the rubber eraser, wellness and welfare of persons who a re at work and to protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against hazards. Not only for that had the act also had to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is fit to role player physiological and psychological needs.The last object of the act is to provide way or method according related to the occupational refuge and health legislations can be gradually replaced by an substructure of orders and permitted the industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions of the statute, designed to maintain or improve the guard duty and health standards. (OSHA, s.4 (a-d))FMA 1967 (Act 139) is to provide for the control of factories with comply to matters relating to recourse , health and welfare of person therein, the registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected therewith. Those machinery which is high risk for operate such(prenominal) as mobile cranes, tower cranes and etc moldiness be certified and inspected by DOSH. (Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA), s.1)According to DOSH government website mentioned that, all factories and general machinery must be registered with DOSH before they can be installed and operated. Factories or some(prenominal) companies require to use machinery their must require to let a permission to install machinery by submitting relevant documents to their nearest DOSH offices. The permission to install machinery is for each succession certificated machinery or new auxiliaries installed.MethodologiesData collections methodologies categorized as cardinal main ways there are secondary source and primary sources. supplemental source is overreach information from documents such as personal records, service record, books, journals, newspaper and etc. Primary source are few methods such as straitsnaire, inter invite, case study and etc. (Kumar, 2005, p 118)For this seek title is relative with recourse and health requirement therefore the secondary info source impart obtain a lot of information which is collected from book, relevant title of articles and relevant record publish from the departments of occupational pencil eraser and health.The objective one and two of this research paper which is to study of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by bowdleriseors to implement at lo boxion site and to identify the barrier facing by contractor of implementing those two acts at kink site. The first objective can be achieved by reading those two acts to realize which should implement by the contractors. The second objective can be achieved by reading more books to find out the effectiveness and barrier that contractors may be facing when they implement the two acts at facial expression site.In addition, questionnaire is appropriate primary entropy source to get information for this research paper. Because of the research is time-limited and questionnaire is the easie st and libertine methodology.Open question is the respondent could be answer in their own words. This dissipate question can be generated mainly qualitative data. The advantages for open question are providing depth and valuable information provided by respondent able to expressing their own opinions. Respondents collapse the opportunity to express themselves freely, departing in a wider variety of information. (Kumar, 2005, p 132)According to Kumar (2005) stated that questionnaires restricted two basic types of question there are unkindly-ended which called as closed question and open-ended or called as open question. Closed question is researcher set out the answer such as yes or no and let the respondent to answers. Although there is a disadvantages of closed question which is not enough of depth and variety of the information obtained, sometime the answer provided are not truly reflect respondent their own view or opinion. Through the closed question for questionnaire is to en real that literature view the view and ideas that is appropriate for respond from the respondents.For this research paper leave behind be addition up 100 sets of questionnaires given to respondents regarding objective two and three entrust be set for the question. The respondents could be contractors, site staff, site agent, hurl manager and other parties which run through and knowledge for safety and health at construction site.Guides to Research ReportIn this research paper will be content total quintuple chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction and problem statement of the research title. Then is the goal and objective of the research paper. The aim is achieved by through implemented the objective that adopt be set out.Chapter 2 is the literature review is through reading more articles and books or other resources which are concern to the research title and obtain the resembling idea for those sources and write out the literature review base on the objective stated .Chapter 3 is research methodology for this research paper will carry out the questionnaire. The target of the respondents will be contractor and persons who are related to construction site. Those questionnaires will be set out 100 sets and data will be collected base on this stage which mean in this chapter.Chapters 4 are analysis the data and carry out the result of the analysis in chapter. After the result had been analysis the issues can be identified from the findings. Those data will be presented by using bar chart and etc.Chapter 5 will be the last part of the research paper. This chapter will be conclusions and recommendations after those progresses had been gone through. This chapter also is to ensure that the research aim has achieved through implementing those three objective and the recommendations will be suggested in this chapter.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWSIntroductionOccupational Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA) and Factories and Machinery Act 1967(FMA) is a legisl ative framework in Malaysia construction industry to give promote to the construction industry, advance and assist to have better or high standards of safe and full-blooded working culture. The legislations are practicement by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). The DOSH are under Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. The department is agency of government to enforce those legislations to promote and enhancing Malaysia construction site quality of working life. (Mudrikah, 2010)In this research paper, the method to reducing the accident rate in construction industry is Contractors have to implementing with the strict safety and health regulatory frameworks for preventing, monitoring and reporting adverse events for the construction site. Contractors should comply with those effective safeties and health requirement to effectively minimize the accident happen on construction worksite. (Dorji et al, 2009)Problems and barrier to implement of OSHA 1994Table 1 showing t hat construction industry is among the highest accident rate and fatalities industry in Malaysia occupational rankings. The highest accident rate and fatalities happen in construction site one of the reason may because the act is not effective and there have a little bit of sanctioned loophole.Before amend the OSHA 1994 voicealization 29 safety and health ships ships officer there is no penalty. But after revise become the OSH (Safety and Health Officer) mandates 1997 and OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Orders 1997 have a penalty if the contractors do not comply to employ competent person as safety and health officer and other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively and define class of industry to mention competent safety and health officer both are penalty same condition which is level best RM5000.00 or maximum six months imprisonment or both.Section 29 has been amended by the Minister to OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulation 1997 after amended stated that any edifice operation and any work of engineering construction when the total contract price of the construction project which is exceeding twenty one million million million of ringgit Malaysia the contractors should employ a safety and health officer or other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively at the construction site. (Safety and Health Officer) Order1997. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1997, s.29) roughly of the construction project the total contract sum may not exceeding twenty million according to OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulation 1997 mentioned that, pith contractors is not necessary to comply and appoint the safety and health officer on their workplace. If unfortunate accident happened cause site workers injury or death at construction site is that whether should be the negligence of the contractor because his has full comply with the OSHA or the legal is indeed imperfect because only the proje ct exceeding twenty million of ringgit Malaysia contractor should to appoint a safety and health officer on the construction site.According to OSHA (Safety and Health Officer) Regulation 1997 convention 18 duties of safety and health officer his had a important duties at the construction site one of it is to advise contractors measure of the site workers their interests of the safety and health and their responsibilities also included to inspect the workplace determine whether any machinery or equipments or process of work may have the panoramas liable site worker injuries or harmful their body.If accident is happen safety and health officer have to submit report informs on the number and types of accidents which had occurred in the workplace to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) according to OSHA (Safety and Health Officer) Regulation 1997 regulation 19 stated.Since prick 29 of OSHA had been amended mentioned that only total contract sum exceeding twenty mil lion construction projects is requisite to appoint a safety and health officer. Moreover, the workplace is happen any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or may have chance occur on the workplace according OSHA section 32 to inform the nearest DOSH office. If accident had occurred which is construction project not exceeding twenty million total contract sum who are going to take safety and health officer his duties to report the accident happen on workplace to DOSH is that means small project is not an accident happen.The purpose of reporting of accident incidences to DOSH is to ascertain the root causes and enable to take remedial actions for prevention future occurrences similar condition. The report incidence is important database for DOSH the database is to analyze strategic planning, trouble and law enforcement for improving and prevention for accident can be minimize in future. The data recorded by the safety and health officer is required in order to analyze the results of unification and to ensure statistical validity. (DOSH, 2004, p 4)Safety and health organization shall be implementing by the contractors those person are profession and get training for safety and health programme. Those safety and health officer with qualified their role are provide appropriate advice to the site workers their responsibility for the safety in the site and to promote and encourage the planning and implementation of the necessary and effective measures in minimizing the risk and to reduce the accidents rate. (Construction Confederation, 2008)The problem may be arise if contractors they do not appoint safe and health officer or site safety supervisor there is no professional person at worksite to train for new site workers or instrumental promote a safe and healthy working environment on workplace.Furthermore, most of the site workers are foreigners alike(p) Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh or etc. Those foreigner workers they may be lack of knowledge to protect themselves. They might never been exposure with the construction not to mention that they have experience to cope with the huge construction projects. Therefore, the bad attitude and behavior is belong to the construction it will then rapid increasing the accidents rates. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 22)According to Wee Lee (2010) his article mentioned that, there may have another legal loophole in Malaysia. Malaysia safety and health officer they do not have autonomy power therefore they cannot strictly implement the regulation in the construction site. Moreover, the safety and health officer is employed by the contractor. The contractors may tend to hiding the accident occurrence on site and do not comply with reporting accident happen on their site or even threatened their safety solicitude staff do not report to DOSH that is because the accident of worker may make lost productive time. DOSH officer may come over the constru ction site which had happened the accident to do inspection for the accident areas. The construction site accident rate has been increasing simply because of these unhealthy practices in Malaysia. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 15)Although appoint a safety and health officer of construction site have effective reduce the risk of accident rate. But according to Rabani (2010) mentioned that many contractors they are not aware the important role for appoint a safety and health officer at construction site. Therefore, many contractors they neglect to appoint a safety and health officer to the construction site. (Rabani, 2010, p 3)According to fit Keng (2004) mentioned that, when the accident happen at site it may cause contractors suffer losses in term of the productivity and affected their profit. slash happen may lower down the productivity this may simply because of the site workers may because their co-worker happen accident cause injury or death which may affect their physical and psychologic al fear they were worry to become the next victims. Therefore, may occur a shortage of workers on site because they may do not want to work in an accident workplace. That is why cause the construction work delay and cannot be completed on time. Contractor will suffers losses and affect his profit due to paid site workers to work over-time to speed up the works and completed at record time.In fact, poor safety background actually will cause high insurance premium according to Kit Keng mentioned contractors there are constantly think that as long as he had buy a insurance to protect themselves from the direct losses caused by the accident happen at construction site, precisely actually some of the contractors they do not really know that how much had his paid to the insurance premium.Lastly, some of the contractor thinks that safety and health officer is not necessary for employ at his workplace. But as a matter of fact the contactors should employ a qualified persons act as safety and health officer. (OSHA, s.6 (1))In addition, according to OSHA 1994 Section 16 have been revise to OSH (Employers Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulation 1995 by the Minister. The section 16 had been amended that, if the organization has more than five employees than the employer and self-employed person has their duty to formulate the safety and health policy. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1995, s.16)However, the OSHA 1994 section 16 had been modified become better and detail for the need of safety and health policy. But after amend the act from pervious penalty maximum RM5000.00 or maximum two years imprisonment or both become not penalty required for the Regulation 1995 which mean the safety and health policy is not an important for the construction site and site workers. In case, the contractors did not provide the safety and health policy to their workers is without any penalty. (CIDB, 2010, pp 20-21)According to Kit Keng (2004) ment ioned that, the barrier to the implement safety and health requirement at construction site is because the employer seen the safety and health requirements required a big visible make up to implement and employer do not want to paid for it. This may be one of the reasons caused that the contractors cannot implementation the safety and health requirement on the construction site. Therefore, they a lot do not comply with the legislation requirement in their workplace as provide the safety and health organizations.Conclusion given the in a higher place problem is the OSHA 1994 it still contains a little bit of problems and the contractors have the excuse to bypass some of the responsibilities that he should comply with and implementing at his workplace to reduce the accident occurred at the site.Effective to implementing OSHA 1994Construction industry is highest hazard among all industry therefore to effective minimize the accident rate and fatalities the construction project should through a good planning and co-ordination before the construction project start. Therefore, the contractor plays an important role to implement safety and health responsibility from the concept to the construction completion. nonpareil of the effective ways to implementation the safety and health requirements is bring in safety and health in early stages is incorporate safety and health into tendering stage. Therefore, contractors are required to demonstrate that they have an appropriate safety and health management system and to verify its implementation in practice and his required to comply with contract specific occupational safety and health requirement. (CIDB, 2010, pp 4-5)Effectively to minimize the accident at construction site is to select potential contractors which are appropriate measure out the safety and health for the projects. Implementation the safety and health planning included in contract like PAM Contract 2006. According to PAM 2006 contractors his received le tter grant his is entitles to starts construction works at site his is required to procure and submit contractors all risks insurance, workman compensation and performance bond to the architect or measuring stick surveyor before the contractors only allowed commencing the construction works.If the government can implementation that the safety and health planning must be bound together or including inner before allow commencing the construction work then all the employer they are not able have the excuse to exist if not comply with that the construction project is not allow to start commencing they construction work then may causing the employer lose of their profit.Although OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 is able to take legal action but bound the safety and health include in contract will be more effective. Because of contract is binding that able enhance strict to implementing safety and health through taking legal action.Profit is the goal of most business is actually the construction industry is also had the same goal. The way to effective reducing the accident for the construction site may through using approach prevention of injuries and death with implementing occupational safety and health management system. (CIDB, 2010, p 42)According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that contractors seen the visible larger amount for implementing the occupational safety and health management system in his construction project but implementing the safety and health management systems is effectively reducing of injury and death at construction site and benefits to contractors his are achieved through avoidance of delay to his construction project in order to increase his profit as early as completion of the construction project.According to CIDB (2010) stated that, occupational safety and health management system had mentioned about the safety and health policy. Which means the safety and health policy is need for the construction workplace. The safety and health policy is to in troduction the safety and health program for all among the construction site workers. The safety and health policy shall always up-to-date and get aware to the site workers. Contractors have the duties to revise the written statement of the safety and health policy and planning to implement the policy that had amended and deliver the information to the site workers. (DOSH, 2007) All parties at the site work together to achieve and prevention of the accidents with minimize at site will be the purpose of the safety and health policy.Besides, implementing and establish a safety and health delegation if the situation is build a condominiums it may have forty or more than forty workers including those staffs hired by employer or workers bring by the sub-contractors in this case the management chain will lead to more than forty worker being hiring or work on the construction project. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 13) Contractors should implement to form a safety and health committee because there a re a lot of workers at the construction site. Otherwise, the contractors get instructed by the Director General of DOSH that the workplace is required that to form the safety and health committee.Both employee and management are represented for the safety and health committee this is to note on reviews the construction site conditions. Because of lack of reviews conditions on worksite there may affect worker on site or public surrounding their safety and health. (OSHA, s.30)According to OSHA section 29 and 30 actually contractors should employ a full time competent person act as safety and health officer and then establish a safety and health committee at construction. Safety and health committee must be keeping on reviews the construction site condition. Therefore, at least once every three months the safety and health committee shall conduct periodical inspection and audit on site and provide essential advice on safety issues besides drafting and improving the companys OSH guidel ines and procedure. (Rabani, 2010, p 47) (OSHA, s.29, s.30)Introduction of FMA 1967Contractors not only had the responsibilities to comply with the OSHA 1994 but Contractors had the bargain need to comply with the FMA 1967 too. FMA 1967 mainly is applying by factories and construction site. The Contractors should understand more about the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, which will help the contractors able to implementing the act on the construction site.This is responsibility of the contractors to maintain all their machinery which is appropriate and safe to operating condition and provide with implement safety measures in construction site operations.(Rabani, 2010, p 52)Besides, the FMA 1967 section 36 and regulation 7 of FMA (Notification, certificate of fitness and inspection) Regulation 1970 stated that any of the machinery should get permission to install the machinery on construction site is required certificate of fitness.According to FMA 1967 section 35 stated that, any construction project should involve using machinery or plant to carry out the construction work. Only in the case that the construction project is able completed in a period less than six week and does not need or involve using any machinery for their construction project then the contractor is does not require to notify to DOSH.FMA 1967 Section 56 have been revised to FMA (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulation 1986 by the Minister. (FMA, s.56) Part I regulation 3 Application stated that these regulations are applied by the mental synthesis operations and to works of engineering construction. Section 56 Regulations have total 17 parts divided showed in arrangement of regulation. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.3)In this research paper was discussing about the construction project which contractors should implementing to minimize the machinery hazard cause site workers injury and death at construction. Therefore, in this research papers will be focus on Part II General Provisions.Statutory of FMA 1967Since table 1 showing that construction industry is the highest accident of fatalities rates. Therefore, machinery at construction shall also to consider and comply with FMA 1967. According FMA regulation 1986 regulation 25 appoint a site safety supervisors to inspecting and rectifying any unsafe place of work and correcting any unsafe practice on construction site this is to ensure the safety , health and welfare of site workers.Appoint a site safety supervisor will be same requirement with safety and health officer which is person who is qualification. Site safety supervisor there must have at least minimum of two years site foremen experience. Purpose to appoint a site safety supervisor is to check the sub-contractors work which is to ensure the sub-contractors have comply with the Malaysia legislation.If the contractor appoint a part time site safety supervisor and the particular part time site safety superv isor shall spend at least fifteen hours per week and promoting safe conduct of work at construction site. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.25)Otherwise appoint a part time site safety supervisor if the construction site employed more than twenty site workers on workplace contractors shall appoint a contractors safety supervisor. The contractors safety supervisor shall spend at least five hours per week and promoting a safe conduct to his site workers. Contractors safety supervisor requirement will be same with site safety supervisor with at least two years site foreman experience and qualification. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.26)Some inconsistencies in OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 in this part the FMA stated the construction work site which is employed fifty persons or more than it shall establish a safety committee but in this part of OSHA are stated employed forty or more than forty workers the contractors shall establish a safety and health committee. In fact , it should be the same consistent for establish a safety and health committee.The safety committee members will be both employee which mean including sub-contractors and contractors and also management members to be represented. Purpose for safety committee is to keep and review safety and health condition in workplace. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27)The safety committee shall appoint aged(a) member of contractors staff at construction site and the safety committee shall consist the site safety supervisor, the entire contractors safety supervisors and others site worker. The safety committee should meeting at least once a month. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27)Furthermore, contractors should implement strict on machinery installed rules on FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 6 just like machinery installed on any floor above the ground floor there have a regulation to control over like any floors above the ground of any building or structures are not allo wed to use machinery.Only if the floor or structure has been designed or constructed there are able to support the loading of the machinery or additional strengthen purpose then contractors is allow to use or operate the machinery on the particular building or structures. Contractor should maintain their machinery which is always in good and safe condition his is require to ensure around the machinery surrounding meaning that the passenger bye way is free from any loose material or non- sliding condition. This is to prevent those site workers would not fall down towards to the machines and caused injury or death. According to this regulation 6 if the contractors are not comply with it his will be fines not exceeding RM2000.00.Besides, slipping is easy to happen on construction site. Therefore, Contractors should make sure the surfaces of the passageway sanded or covered or removed. If any passageway such as platform, scaffold or otherwise of elevated working surface is slippery and causing the workers fall down found out is the negligence of the contractor they do not provide slip-safe footing to minimize the slipping hazards on the construction safe according to the FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 8 the contractors would be penalty not exceeding RM2000.00.Contractors have the obligation to keep or remain the worksite passageways with do not have any lubricating oil and debris or other obstruction object may cause site workers tripping. Contractor should minimize those accumulations of dirt and debris on worksite by instructed his site agent to maintain for it and site agent is contractors representative on construction site. In addition, the debris shall be handled and disposed-off by a method which will not harmful to person and the debris is not allow to accumulate is may constitute a hazard to the worker on site.( Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.22)Moreover, contractors should also have to ensure at worksite there is do not have any projection may or could cut site workers if any, contractor or his representative should removed it or made safe to prevent site workers injury or death. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.9)Construction site the most important is provide workers a safe access to workplace. Firstly, contractors must ensure the construction site provided proper stairways ramps or runways. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.10)According to FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 15 stated that, some of the worker who are work in wet concrete may wet their foot contractors shall provide desirable waterproof boots to protect site workers foots get injuries. Malaysia weather is always raining and it cannot be predicted therefore sometime site worker inevitably work on raining day. Contractor shall provided worker waterproof coat and hat when site workers work on raining day at construction site. The penalty to those contractors they are do not provide is fines not exceeding RM2000.00.Besides, site workers should get protective apparel just like if worker their do not mount a safety helmet access to construction site when the construction project is construct more than two storey high building the workers may get higher risk to get serious head injury or may cause death and all people who are perfor

Literary Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay -- Pride

Literary Analysis of self-esteem and Prejudice by Jane AustenThe overbold primp and Prejudice, is a sentimentalist comedy, by Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice is a story about an unlikely pair who go through many obstacles before finally coming together. Pride is the opinion of oneself and prejudice is how one person feels others perceive them. The novel, Pride and Prejudice, uses plot, the characters of Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and Miss Elizabeth Bennet, and the perspective of women and companionable standing, to portray the theme of the novel - pride and prejudice.The plot of the novel follows traditional plot guidelines although there are many small conflicts, there is one central conflict that sets the scene for the novel. The novel is about an embarrassing mismatched couple and their five filles. The novel begins with Mrs. Bennet, telling her daughters of the importance of marrying well. During this time a wealthy man, Charles Bingley, moves close to Netherfield, where the Bennets reside. The Bennet girls struggle to capture his attention, and Jane, who judges no one, is the daughter who manages to win his heart, until Mr. Bingley abruptly leaves town. Mr. Bingley is often accompanied by Fitzwilliam Darcy, who is a very proud man. Elizabeth Bennet, who is proud of herself, and Mr. Darcy are not fond of one another from the start, these cardinal characters pose the central conflict in the novel. As the novel progresses, Elizabeth receives a marriage proposal from her cousin, Mr. Collins, and turns him down. Mr. Collins then proposes to Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeths bestfriend, who accepts. Elizabeth then leaves home to confirmation with, the Collins who live near Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Mr. Darcys aunt. While this is going on, Mr. Darcy realizes he has feelings for Elizabeth and proposes to her, this is the climax of the novel. She is astonished by his actions, and turns him flat down. She explains that she feels he is arrogant, and feels he stood in the way of Jane and Mr. Bingley marrying, and also feels he is a cruel man, especially in his treating of Mr. Wickham, she is expressing her prejudice towards him. He leaves and they part very angry with each other. Mr. Darcy then writes Elizabeth a letter, explaining his feelings, defending his actions, and reveling the true nature of Mr. Wickham. During this time Elizabeth returns home still baffled about the letter Mr.... ...udice in the social ladder. The Bennet family, although wealthy, was looked down upon, is relation to their social status. They were seen as low on the social ladder, because they had new money. Lady Catherine, is another example of pride and prejudice displayed through social status, Now and then they were honoured with a call from her ladyship, and nothing escaped her observation Lady Catherine noticed flaws in everyone and used her position and title of Lady to rise above everyone and make herself search superior to them. Her position gives her pride an d she flaunts it in a negative way. There are many examples throughout the novel, to support the running theme, and title of the novel, Pride and Prejudice. Pride in not always a good thing, it can lead to arrogance and contempt very quickly. Prejudice is not necessarily a enceinte thing either, and is never unavoidable, sometimes disliking a person and not being friends with them works out to an advantage. Jane Austen dramatized the theme of pride and prejudice, through plot, her main characters, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, and demonstrated how the status of women and social status can lead to pride and prejudice.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Every year in the United States 25% of all pregnancies results in an miscarriage, this adds up to over a million abortions a year. This clearly illustrates that there is problem of over aborting innocent fetuses in our society. I am a firm conceptualizer that abortion should be restricted, to minimize its use. I believe that our circulating(prenominal) society is using abortion as a form of contraceptive. I believe abortion does have its place, and should not be banned altogether. However I do believe when it is used form of birth control that it is being used incorrectly.When examining the issue of abortion there are many questions to consider. What if the mother wants the baby, and the fuck off doesnt? What if the father wants the baby and the mother doesnt? What if the ending is made to abort the fetus in the first trimester as opposed to the second or third trimesters? What if the mother was impregnated by an act of rape? What if going on with the pregnancy could cause harm to mother? All of these questions raised are frail issues. All of these questions bring up good points for both sides of this debate.Many people who are pro choice claim that the mother has a right to privacy, and to turn away them the decision to abort is going against this right. They believe that since this decision affects the womens body, that this should be her private business. I really dont like this argument. I believe that the right to privacy no wanter exists when the decision effects more than the person involved in the decision. When a woman makes the decision to have an abortion it affects many people involved, rather than just the mother. The father is also greatly affected by this decision. The father should have equal say in this decision making process. In any case that the father wants to hold open the child, the woman should not have the right to abort. This theory work both ways, if the mother wants to keep on with the pregnancy and the father wants to term inate it, by no means should the mother have to grant the father his wishes. I think John Stuart swots harm principle supports my argument. Mills principle believes that a person has a right to do whatever they choose as long as they cause no harm, or the potential of harm to others.