Architecture and Avant-garde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Architecture and Avant-garde - Essay Example The notions of avant-garde architecture provided with an underpinning of modern architecture. The avant-garde architecture gave birth to a German association of architects, designers, and industrials Deutscher Werkbund, meaning German Work Federation, which later on proved to be a springboard for modern industrial architectural designs. Moreover, the notions of avant-garde architecture have now raised the bar for modern architecture. The formation of Deutscher Werkbund in 1907 lead the way to the creation of the Bauhaus school, also originated in Germany in 1919, themed on the rejection of history and viewed architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology. The idea behind architectural avant-garde was to abolish the superseded architectural designs of pre-World War I era and espouse the designs which suit the post-war era and new economic order. Avant-garde architecture paradigm has influenced modern architects and their approach to building design. This has propounded arch itectural themes such as structuralism, post-structuralism, rationalism, empiricism, and phenomenology. Avant-garde approach of architecture relies heavily on reducing buildings to pure forms, removing historical references, and ornament in favor of functionalist details. The United States of American has seen one of its greatest modern (avant-garde) architects in the shape of Ieoh Ming Pei. The Chinese-born American architect is regarded as an icon in modern architectural designs. He is the recipient of the AIA Gold Medal.... Ieoh Ming Pei - American Avant-garde Architect The United States of American has seen one of its greatest modern (avant-garde) architects in the shape of Ieoh Ming Pei. The Chinese-born American architect is regarded as an icon in modern architectural designs. He is the recipient of the AIA Gold Medal, the Alpha Rho Chi Medal, the MIT Traveling Fellowship, and the Wheelwright Traveling Fellowship. Pei is deemed as an expert in the use of steel, grass, concrete, and stone for designing skyscrapers and modern business complexes (I. M. Pei Biography, Bio and Profile from Netglimse.com). The Pritzker Prize-winning (Pritzker Prize: architecture's equivalent of the Pulitzer) architect went to Saint John's University, Shanghai before attending University of Pennsylvania at the age of 18. He completed Bachelor of Architecture from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940 and was also a member of National Defense Research Committee. He was also trained at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (Official biography from Pei Cobb Freed & Partners website). During the late 1940's Pei joined Webb and Knapp as a Director of Architecture. He worked on many large-scale real estate development projects. Later on, in mid-1950's, Pei started his own real estate development enterprise. Ieoh Pei became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1954. During his more than 60-year long career as a modernist architect, Ieoh Pei designed some of the greatest models of modern architectures. They include: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado; Government Center Master Plan, Boston, Massachusetts; Society Hill Towers, Philadelphia, PA; 50 FAA air traffic control towers, in various locations throughout the US; National Airlines terminal at JFK

What Can You Do With Good Semester Research Papers?

What Can You Do With Good Semester Research Papers?In order to be successful in your academic career, one of the most important things that you must do is to have good semester research papers. This is very important especially in an area such as your university or a school. A good semester research paper will show your potential employers that you are dedicated and your capabilities are also very high.Before we go ahead and discuss about the different types of semester research papers, we should first look at what you can do as a student for your semester research papers. If you are really serious about getting a good career in academia then you must always put in all the effort in your academic studies. Make sure that you are able to impress all your fellow classmates and teachers in the course.There are various things that you can do for your semester research papers. These include writing a lot of papers, having so many papers to make it easier for you. Another idea that you may consider for your semester research papers is getting help from a course lecturer who will give you tips on how to write papers efficiently. You can even consider submitting your paper to different scholarly journals for it to get more visibility among the people who might be looking at the papers.Yearly, you must also prepare and organize the documents or yourses for your school year and make sure that everything has been documented properly. You may also want to prepare and submit your papers to the right places. These papers are very important for you to be recognized by other students of your university, but you also need to ensure that they are all original and authentic.Now let us discuss the different types of semester research papers. These are some of the most common forms of semester research papers that are discussed below:The first type of topic is called 'Theory papers'. This is the kind of paper that is mainly focused on the problems that are faced by a particular grou p of people. It should also be focused on the solution or the ways that can be taken in order to solve the problem. This is considered as the core purpose of the subject.You can also consider doing research by checking out the different themes. These themes vary from one specific area to another, but this includes different types of topics such as how a particular topic related to the different topics. If you have the appropriate research paper topic, then you can keep on preparing the paper in a better way. However, if you don't have the topic you are working with, then you can try to find the best topic that can improve your GPA.

A single gene disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A single gene disorder - Research Paper Example It has a wide prevalence worldwide especially in Africa where the occurrence is in about 1 in 100 individuals (Genetics, 2000; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). Single-gene disorders generally arise due to mutations or changes in a single gene of the genome. Subsequent changes in the protein product of that gene give rise to a disorder. These disorders could be inherited due to an autosomal dominant or recessive gene or a X-linked inheritance. Every individual acquires two copies of a gene, one form each parents and in the dominant inheritance the disorder occurs if one copy of the gene is defective and in the recessive inheritance it exhibits only if both the copies of the gene are defective. In the case of X-linked disorder, the defective gene is present in the X chromosome and the disease manifest most commonly in males as they only have a single copy of the X chromosome (Human Genome Project Information, 2008). One such single-gene disorder is sickle cell disease which occurs due to a single point mutation in the gene coding for the hemoglobin protein. It has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Hemoglobin, the most important pro tein of the red blood cell, is made up of four globin subunits, two ÃŽ ± and two ÃŽ ² subunits, which are coded by their respective genes. Every individual inherits two copies of a gene from each parent which are referred to as alleles. The normal allele for the ÃŽ ² globin subunit is referred to as allele A and the mutated allele as S. A normal individual possessing AA alleles will have a normal hemoglobin moiety, while individuals carrying one A and one S allele will produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin molecules, as both the A and S allele are co-dominant, and are referred to as carriers of sickle cell trait who are generally healthy but may suffer from sickle cell symptoms under conditions of

Whats Actually Going on with Fieldwork Essay Topics

What's Actually Going on with Fieldwork Essay Topics The Fundamentals of Fieldwork Essay Topics Revealed There are a couple of straightforward guidelines to follow as a way to be in a position to compose a very good persuasive essay. One click immediate price quote 1. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Selecting a great topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. Most issues can have essays on all the above mentioned questions. Items in a series ought to have a comma after every merchandise. How you decided on the subject. Qualities of an excellent persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. Each paragraph ought to have a topic sentence, in other words, the big point discussed in the paragraph. Your unique ideas and opinions in the paper has to be supported with arguments. Take notes concerning all possible topics you may consider. The 2 words were rather similar in Denmark. You should first figure out the reason behind your essay, before you are able to write persuasive content about it. At precisely the same time, it's an amazing persuasive essay idea. As soon as you imitate the job written by somebody else and move it as your individual it's generally called plagiarism. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Do not permit their convincing advertising language persuade you they can help save you from your dire academic circumstance. If you're searching for pediatric in-service ideas, Pinterest has an array of ideas for you too. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to choose what interests you the most. Sexist advertising ought to be banned 11. The simplest approach to opt for a persuasive essay topic is to explore a present issue. Possessing no notion of the persuasive essay topics, you just do not understand what to write about. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of earth. In school, essay writing has been made to be part of our learning activity. Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. The college essays must be organized in the particular format and design based on the instructions given. You might have to underline the source of the prevailing prejudice in young men and women particularly. The majority of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays also, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. You should choose a topic that could be done in a two-year time period framework.

What Is So Fascinating About Personal Essay College Application Transfer?

What Is So Fascinating About Personal Essay College Application Transfer? Personal Essay College Application Transfer - the Story You wish to tell if it is possible to cope with studies or if you may fit in the curriculum. You've limited time to generate an indelible impression and create the reader believe you will be an important contributor to the dynamic mixture of students on their college campus. In the end, all entering transfer students are invited to take part in the College of. When it's for college admissions or scholarship money, odds are you are going to have to write a minumum of one application essay. Besides passing entrance exams, you will have to compose your college admission essay. Studying at the university or college is just one of the absolute most responsible periods in the life span of any individual. Transferring to a brand-new college. Let's return to the TV idea. The personal statement is your very best opportunity to display your writing, so spend the opportunity to craft a piece you're really pleased with. Make certain you provide an all-inclusive answer to any particular question that's demanded from you. This question i very much like a prior Quora question. The Benefits of Personal Essay College Application Transfer The essay is an excellent tool, since it lets you tell your own story in your words. At some time, you may even will need to rewrite the entire essay. Although your essay ought to be about you, it ought to be bri ef. The entire essay has to be written in a polite tone with superior grammar and usage of vocabulary. Many colleges ask for just one essay. In fact, a college admission essay is just one of the most significant docs you will write in your whole life. It could be your photo. Writing a fantastic college admission essay requires a lot of creativity. Personal Essay College Application Transfer - Overview Essay writing is a significant area of the college application procedure. The essay may be an important aspect in admissions decisions. You will also need to learn to compose a transfer essay. Writing application essays is a dreaded job, particularly when it's your second moment. Applicants to The New School are expected to respond to the subsequent New. Transfer students also need to answer a particular question on how they are. In the majority of instances, you'll be asked to compose a transfer essay. Take note of these instructions to force you to get ready for your college admission essay! Economic essays are therefore not that hard to write, all you need to do is to pick an appropriate topic for essays on economics. The use of inappropriate topics There are certain topics that shouldn't be discussed in your private statement and, thus, shouldn't be included in statement samples. The Truth About Personal Essay College Application Transfer Lastly, once you are finished with the most important part of your essay make certain that you repeat what your targets are in the ending, making sure not to reuse too several of the terms from the remainder of your work. It's always difficult to get started writing, but when you're done with that, you might have an urge to tell tons of things at one time. Writing essays aren't only for assignments but important vehicles for you to achieve your dreams so always ha ndle them with passion and attention. In a nutshell, you'll get the successful benefits in the long run. If you're reading a sample personal statement with inadequate grammar, it's better that you begin searching for different samples online. It's essential to note that a lot of the materials you'll want to apply will want to get sent directly by your high school or teachers at your high school, so getting in touch with them whenever possible is needed. Structure your extra-curricular activities in advance. Learn the transfer application procedures for the schools to which you're applying, and begin considering your essay. After you decide you wish to transfer, take into consideration when you want to earn the transfer and plan your application strategy appropriately. With research, ambition, and the exact painstaking effort that you place into your first-year applications, you can create your target of transferring a reality. However difficult the transfer procedure appears to be, you've overcome it once before. As with your very first college essay, there are specific strategies that work and others that ought to be avoided in order to generate a lasting impression. So, there's no need to fret about someone requesting a refund. Among the biggest mistakes students make is hoping to write the things that they believe the committee wishes to hear. The personal statement is your opportunity to stand out as a person. With a 500-word limit, you must be succinct. 1 thing you ought to be alert to when looking into college scholarships or grants is that a lot of them will ask that you write up some type of essay. You are a fantastic individual. Don't be afraid to write in the very first person.

Undergraduate Research Paper Example Guide

Undergraduate Research Paper Example Guide Sources are important to support and create the idea you've presented. There is nothing more dispiriting than to find you've got great quotes and citations in your text the original supply of which you cannot find. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Therefore, if you're supposed to make an essay in MLA format, but not even certain where to begin, stick to our MLA format example essay and you'll readily get through the writing process. Consequently, citation and citation styles have to be within the teaching of disciplinary conventions. You also need to set a comprehensive reference in the close of the work, at the bibliography page. In English Language, compositions or essays actually are one of the most crucial facets of the subject. The Undergraduate Research Paper Example Chronicles Let's say that you're writing an essay on The important causes of Road Accidents in your City, it's obvious you're going to develop two or three points. Let's imagine we would like to reference Wordsworth-Fuller's general idea about citation as a means to establish credibility, but we don't will need to incorporate any of the technical information. What you're going to search for is any opportunity they might be working on later on. When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss. It's therefore imperative you make certain you thoroughly plan it well and earn a draft (rough work) of the things which you're going to be discussing before you transfer the draft into the home work. The only instance you wouldn't need to give all the thoughts and results inside your abstract is if you're utilizing the descriptive abstract, where you're just attempting to offer enough info to lure a reader to assess your total work. The man or woman is likely to forget some points. A research paper that concerns scientific issues isn't only a free-style essay where you're able to tell readers whatever you desire. If you're writing a SWOT research analysis, there are a number of important things you wish to remember. Become involved in research northwestern is just one of the highest universities on the planet for research, and it's easier tha n you might imagine to become part of a lab bear in mind that working closely with a lab may lead to independent study credit, a senior thesis, and letters of recommendation from faculty members. By the moment you have completed some preliminary research on your subject, you ought to have a few words you know will be important in your paper. Yes, there's somebody who can aid you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. As the title of the writing implies you have to conduct the research in the certain region of knowledge. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are lots of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the legitimate list of the very best. Sample dissertations and dissertation examples ought to be used just in instructional form. Dissertation Samples may be used for writing the dissertation proposal in addition to the true dissertation itself. Looking at sample of dissertation is practical as the samples supply a notion of the research and writing methodology in addition to examples of the building of different regions of the full dissertation. You don't need to read the entire report because that might take days to make it through! It is also necessary for students as soon as it comes to English Language examinations. Some students highly trust the web for sources due to its convenience. Surprisingly, many students do not understand how to get the best sources.

History and Philosophy Essay Example for Free

History and Philosophy Essay The Federalist is the greatest contribution ever made on the Constitution of United States. According to Chief Justice John Marshall in the case Cohen’s v. Virginia (1821) ‘The Federalist is a complete commentary on our Constitution. ’ Since 1790 lawyers, politicians, students and even judges have all studied The Federalist to know more about the Constitutional issues. In United States the ideas of The Federalist are at the heart of the civic culture. Work on The federalist papers was started in 1787 and finished in 1788. It was written to contradict the arguments of the Anti-federalist against the ratification of the U. S Constitution in 1787. This work was originated by Alexander Hamilton who wrote 51 essays of this literature. Another author was James Madison who wrote 26 essays and the remaining were written jointly by the two and by John Jay. Overall, The Federalist comprises of 85 essays written by three authors who wanted to persuade the voters to support them in ratifying the proposed constitution of U. S. In their papers these three people outlined how this new government will operate and what type of government is best for United States. These papers were written and published under the name Publius. Although Hamilton, Madison and Jay had different and at times conflicting ideas about the government they did agree on some important points like, republicanism, federalism, separation of powers, and free government. According to them Republicanism is based on the ‘consent of the governed’ because power is divided between few people who are elected by the public to be on the top. Federalism is power divided between federal government and state government. They are two different powers at different levels and can make decisions separately and directly. â€Å"State governments can neither ignore nor contradict federal statutes that conform to the supreme law, the Constitution. This conception of federalism departed from traditional forms, known today as confederations, in which states retained full sovereignty over their internal affairs† In The Federalist Paper No. 47 Separation of Powers is mentioned as, The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. Free government was another aspect which was agreed by all three authors of The Federalist. Free government is made up of the remaining three points that have been discussed above, republicanism, federalism, and separation of powers. According to the Federalist, the popular government is the free government, in which, security, property, and liberty of people are guarded by the government. This type of government is so strong that it can protect against the internal and external threats, yet it is sufficiently narrow to prevent tyranny. It can be said that free government was designed in such a manner that it could prevent against the cruelty, of the dictators, to the public. The Federalist Papers served a dual purpose. Where it outlined the requirement for a strong central government, emphasized the weakness of Articles of Confederation, and portrayed the power of the proposed Constitution, at the same time, the paper alleviated doubts about the new federal government becoming too powerful. The authors argued that that the Confederation government was too weak and the new proposed Constitution will never be too strong. The federalist had two main objectives. First, was to convince the people of New York to ratify the Constitution and the second objective was to convince the people of all 13 states to endorse the constitution. A major concern for the authors of the Federalist was federal taxation, which is obvious in their assessment of the Articles and Constitution’s justification. â€Å"At various points, they expounded on the efficacy and fairness of consumption taxes, specifically customs duties. They insisted, however, that the federal government be granted unlimited taxing powers, including the authority to assess domestic excise taxes. Debates over direct vs. indirect taxation received considerable attention, as did the constitutional requirement for tax uniformity† . Nine of the Federalist papers discuss federal taxes and federal revenue topics. Classical Influences in Federalist Papers-Madison James Madison was the fourth President of the United States and was honored with the title of ‘Father of the American Constitution. ’ Madison is the epitome of intellectual forces, which came together in American politics by the end of the eighteenth century. Bernard Bailyn has hypothesized that the classics in colonial America was ‘illustrative, not determinative of thought. ’ To defy this notion and explain Madison’s ability to perform the role of an architect of a system that successfully integrated political and philosophical views, an assessment of Madison’s life and education will be important. A complex synthesis of classical, modern, philosophical, and rational thought has been revealed by the foundation of the American Republic, as well as, the impact of classical antiquity that was considered thoughtfully. In this regard, a combined political wisdom of thousands of years of human experience was reflected by the implementation of the abovementioned complex synthesis for the formation of a system of government. Simplistic theories of interpretation have been defied by a degree of reflection and contemplation that completed that republican government, which is accounted as one of the most purposefully design by the history of mankind. In two years, after the completion of his first year’s exams, the degree was finished by the Madison in English, Greek, mathematics, and Latin. During this time, Reverend John Witherspoon considered Madison as one of his favorite students, and it was an honor as the Reverend was the president of the college. Employing a syllabus that was classical and Christian Witherspoon taught Madison moral philosophies which greatly affected him for the rest of his life. Tangible manifestation in the Federalist Papers was found by the ability of Madison regarding the classical, as well as, modern political philosophy, which was often referred as quasi-Calvinist cognizance. Wherein the plan for a fractured government was described and advocated by Madison. In addition, any individual person or entity sought precluding of usurpation of the power of governance. This theological system of belief also reveals itself in an existing political philosophy. As per the political thinking of the Calvinist, the grace of God is responsible for all the authority. In this regard, due rights are received by both authority and liberty, when the relation between the citizens and rulers is standardized unbridled authority on the part of rulers lead to despotism, autocracy, and tyranny; unbridled liberty on the part of citizens generates into license, revolution, and anarchy. License, anarchy, and revolution have been generated by the unbridled liberty on the part of the citizens. Stewards from the God are found in the rulers, as proper constitution is formed in the government according to the principles of Calvinism. For God’s sake, the highest motives are considered for the obeying of the rulers by the citizens. An example for the understanding of development of the political, classical, and philosophical amalgamation for the debates that were performed during the formation of the American Constitution was presented by a strong proponent of the classics, Calvinist, and the Scottish Enlightenment Witherspoon. The diverse approach of Witherspoon to education provides an important explanation for understanding Madison’s talent of successfully merging classical and modern political theory into a feasible plan for a secure democratic state. In other words, an extensive intellectual focus was maintained by Witherspoon, by which, discordant philosophical, as well as, theological concepts were blended into an educational program effectively and coherently. When Madison came into politics his instant tasks were clear, first he wanted to put up a proposal for a democratic republican government acceptable to the representative body at the Constitutional Convention, and second, to assure the ratification of the proposed Constitution. From an extensive view point, Madison wanted to produce a classic dissertation on the American system of government, which would enlighten future generations about democratic republicanism. Madison was able to attain both of these goals through one channel and that was The Federalist Papers. This information helps in understanding how extensive knowledge of the classics was acknowledged by Madison and the other two authors. In Federalist no. 14 Madison presents a question, which can function as a good outline of his approach concerning the issue of the significance of the classics to the American people: It has been the glory of American people, as a blind veneration for antiquity, custom, knowledge, experience’s lessons, and objections of their senses has not been suffered by them, as the opinions of former times, as well as, other nations have been paid with a decent regard by these people. The Federalist has considered this thinking approach an obvious thing, since ancients have been referenced frequently by Madison, and their strengths and weaknesses have been borne in mind. When Thomas Jefferson sent the published texts of Polybius from France, the issues of the proposed government were considered by Madison, while positive and negative examples were considered and utilized from the ancient sources by him. Therefore Madison opposes the objections of people who mention the example of Ancient Greece as a sign of un-workability of a permanent republic. He argues that Greece was a democratic system that was often confused with a republic; Madison distinguishes between the two by mentioning that a democracy requires the people to be in assembly in order to carry out the business of the state, whereas a republic requires only the assembly of legislative body to work effectively. Hence he includes both democratic and republican doctrines in his government blueprint. The importance of the classics in the American Republic origin was demonstrated by the evaluation of specific sections comprising of papers of the Federalist, and specifically, the Madison. In addition, classical antiquity’s major references were also included in these sections as mentioned before, Madison frequently opted for classical tradition method to convey his political message, yet Madison often referred to antiquity as a negative prototype for a political culture. One area in which Montesquieu’s political philosophy complements Madison’s tactic is the issue of religion. After historical bigotry of the religion was criticized, and trade was meddled with it, it was commented by him that when the established religion satisfied the state, the establishment of another religion is not allowed. In this regard, establishment of any state religion was banned by the framers of the Constitution. Few smart and wise individuals should be communicated with the important political truths for their wise implementation, which was provided by the writings of the political philosopher, as the relationship between the political community and philosophy was considered as volatile. At the same time, harmful truths were concealed from these individuals by these writings as well. This concept was well aware by the student of Montesquieu, Madison. In the result, the classical and modern political philosophy was concealed by the furthering of his project. In this sense, the role of a crucial link in the chain of thoughts of the Romans and Greeks was played by the Madison, who was served by the Montesquieu. Classics are where Madison’s popular audience was at a majority and this is one fact that he used to his benefit in writing The Federalist Papers. In addition, major references to classical antiquity were contained in six out of eighty-five of the Federalist Papers. Passing references and explicit references regarding the specific indebtedness with a clear sign were contained in the twenty-three Federalist Papers. If these facts are considered, the link between classical antiquity and the origins of the American Republic appears to ignore a serious question. Mark Diamond states that the most immediate kind of political work was the Federalist, which was a piece of campaign propaganda. In addition, a view to the permanence of its argument was also provided to thoughtful men. The widest electorate was at once addressed by it, but able and educated men were also considered, by whom, the fate of the Constitution could be determined. Short-term objective was accomplished by the Federalist, in which, public opinion had to be influence with the relation of political system of the United States. Federalist As mentioned before, the people of New York were persuaded by the publishing of the Federalist for the ratification of the Constitution. It also made an attempt to elucidate different provisions of the Constitution and to enlighten the people by giving reasons, as to why other provisions like bill of rights had been excluded. It was argued by the Publius that an exceptional opportunity of reason and choice had by the Americans for the creation of own type of government. In contrast, earlier constitutions were determined by the chance of force. Publius argued that the Constitution shaped a republican style of government which was effective and sound in nature, but yet was controlled by checks and balances Advocates of the American Constitution obtained a strategic advantage over those who opposed it by taking up the name Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a central national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and other authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, yet they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed â€Å"Publius† after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Romes last king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greeces law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped erect the new American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline. If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more; choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the single New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority. Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to shift the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was shaped by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas. Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the nominated representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, which were unable to survive. Countering the belief, which is often ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where different groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of qualified persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no. 10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power. Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congress’s, as well as, President’s powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remaining powers completely. If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the gist of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue. They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints. â€Å"The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and certainly the most widely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as mere nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders. † Knowledge of this debate over the ratification of the Constitution illustrates that Publius was from time to time vanquished by its adversaries. The views supported by Publius occasionally differed from the point of view of Hamilton and Madison in the Constitutional Convention and a large portion of the Americans and the delegates did not consent with The Federalist. Nonetheless, from the beginning Americans have depended on The Federalist as being the most reliable source for understanding the objectives of the framers. The essays presented a number of arguments. The essays convincingly made the case for a strong unification of the states in Federalist number 1 to 14, highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation in Federalist number 15 to 22, argued about the benefits of a strong energetic central government in number 23 to 36, and mentioned the republican governments capability to provide political steadiness as well as freedom in numbers 35 to 51. The essays following shortly after these scrutinized the roles of the three branches of government: the legislative numbers 52 to 66, the executive numbers 67 to 77, and the judicial numbers 78 to 83 along with the question of a bill of rights in Federalist number 84. The authors of the Federalist also reasoned the benefits of federalism. Furthermore, an impact on the United States law was done by the essays, which were written on the role of the federal judiciary for a long time now. Federalist essay number 78 consists of a vital defense of the belief of the judicial review that is the power which permits the U. S. Supreme Court to eliminate laws passed by Congress. In Federalist number 80 it is argued by Hamilton that it is important to establish system of federal courts, which are separate from state courts. The theories of the European philosophers of the Enlightenment have built the political philosophy of the Federalist. In addition, the Articles of Confederation, as well as, their experience by the United States, and historical examples have also been included. The treatise not only presented historical arguments and philosophical theories about the human nature and government, but also presented strong analysis of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The general aim of the paper was to persuade the people that an energetic and strong centralized government would be more caring towards their freedom and independence. The philosophers’ thoughts were consideration of natural rights, and illustrated the kind of government best capable of protecting the rights of the people. They recognized that a person’s inclination towards self-protection, freedom, and selfishness would primarily come into conflict with the opposing needs of other people. Therefore, these philosophers maintained that the best type of government is one which balances the selfish needs of the human beings with the need of self-protection. The speculative thought that too much liberty can be terrible for an organized society was confirmed by the U. S government during the years of the Articles of Confederation. A shoddy amalgamation of independent states, as well as, the national government was provided by the articles. A specific legislative body was considered for the positioning of the articles. Affairs relating to the mutual defense were discussed and decided by the bestowed powers on this legislative body, which has been referred as the Congress. The creation of a strong central government has been fearfully taken like the Great Britain, a significant power with the state governments has been placed by the delegates, and national government has been restricted with the powers greatly. Lack of power for the enforcement of law, funds collection, trade regulation, and uniform judgment’s provision has been responsible for the hampering of the Congress. What is more, many intuitive leaders identified that the self-centeredness of the states would ultimately break the union and they also recognized that the Articles of Confederation presented no legal means to stop this collapse. States had clashes with each other over land, commerce regulations, and imposts against nearby states. States set up relations with foreign nations and declined to send tax money to Congress. The Virginia legislature called a delegate for the production of uniformity in trade, as well as, in the commerce. The meeting was meant for the discussion of uniform trade regulations with the interested delegates from the different states. In spite of the small presence of states at the Annapolis Convention, the meeting motivated states to hold another meeting for the explicit reason of modifying the Articles of Confederation. Sufficient power was not within a weak central government for the provision of security and protection of the civil liberties of individuals, as assumed by the delegates with the help of guidance from the Article of Confederation experience. Therefore, the delegates decided to entirely abolish the old system. The convention presented a new plan of government at the end of the summer of 1787, which was titled the U. S. Constitution. A strong central government was requested by this manuscript, in which all the other state governments will depend on this authoritative body and laws will be enforced, judged, and legislated by the bestowed powers to this body. The document was highly praised by the Federalists for the creation of energy in a centralized body. However, it was feared by the Anti-federalists that their rights and liberties would be infringed by the new plan. Strong and rational justifications were provided for each choice of the Constitution Convention by the Federalist papers. Citizens were also persuaded by the papers that greater protection could be provided by the government for the people, if the hands of people will be placed with less power. Although the concern about ratification of the U. S. Constitution in the New York state by Alexander Hamilton was originated with the document, ratification of the Constitution and its related essays were supported by the arguments of leaders in many states. Since the role of delegates to the Constitutional Convention was played by both Hamilton and Madison, the name Publius was used for all the published essays. As a large part for the constructing of document was done by the arguments, criticism as a subjective by these arguments was felt by them. Even after nine out of thirteen state approvals were received by the Constitution, two of the most powerful states, the New York and Virginia continued their struggle for the ratification. Technically, ratification of New York or Virginia did not have any effect on the Constitution. However the writing down the federalist essays was not a futile assignment, even though the Constitution turned out to be successful without New Yorks support. While an effort was made by them for the persuasion of the American audience, an opportunity was received by them for being associated with the first federal republic. A distinctive political philosophy was conveyed successfully by the Publius. Practice was possible, and philosophical theories and historical examples instituted this philosophy. Moist importantly, the experience during the accomplishment of the balance between order and freedom was the bases of this philosophy. â€Å"The Federalist Papers reflect the end of an era in America, a chapter that began with the Mayflower Compact of 1620 and the various covenants, declarations, and state constitutions that followed, and culminated in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. During that period of more than a century and a half, American political thought was formulated and tried, and arguments were rehearsed and refined in press, pulpit, and legislative chamber, often to express opposition to the British crown, but also to give an expanding country a workable government. It was against such a background that The Federalist Papers emerged, combining the traits Robert A. Ferguson ascribes to the Constitution: generic strength, manipulative brilliance, cunning restraint, and practical eloquence. † The essays presented in The Federalists are fundamental and ground-breaking statements of sound rational political thought, which carefully progress ahead the essential thoughts mentioned by theorists Hume, Locke, and Montesquieu. Rather than radically deposing off the old theory and practice, the authors of the Constitution cautiously studied it and took its finest aspects and gave them a new meaning altogether. The essays of the Federalists had more life and were more strongly remembered than material written by Marx, Lenin, Mao, Castro, or Metternich. If there would have been no credible arguments against the proposed constitution then there would have been no need for the intense material of The Federalist. And, if there would have been no Federalist then understanding the Constitution would have been significantly reduced. The Constitution is a concise manuscript which is not suitable for an argument or for an explanation. The Federalist makes us understand the minds of the creators. Madison commented that The Federalist offers â€Å"the most authentic exposition of the text of the Federal Constitution, as understood by the Body which prepared and the authority which accepted it. † The Federalist justifies why the authors found the Articles of Confederation unacceptable; why they wanted to separate the powers of the government’s branches; why they split the national legislature into two different houses; why they thought that a federal court for the final appeal was desirable and necessary; why they banned titles of nobility; why they said that a bill of rights was a needless addition, and why a lot of other permissions and prohibitions were written into the Constitution or excludes completely. â€Å"As a contribution to the ratification debate, The Federalist is an extended exercise in exposition, explanation, and persuasion. As a work of political theory, then, The Federalist flies fairly close to the ground, rarely soaring into the stratosphere of philosophical abstraction. † Articles of Confederation If the Articles of Confederation would not have failed then there would have been no Constitution and surely no Federalist Papers. After two centuries it is not easy to picture the hectic state of America in the post revolutionary era. There was so much going on. America won a war but still the eastern seaboard was susceptible to attackers. Then the economy was weighed down by numerous currencies and tariffs, the state governments were bankrupt, and the central government was only central in name. Everything was hap hazard and nothing was going right. Since 1776 till 1787 America was an uncontrolled union of states which were ruled by the Articles of Confederation, which had a serious defect and that was the individual states had power and that power remained with them. The central government was just there to be called central. It could do nothing. It could neither increase revenues nor pass and ratify legislation necessary for independent states. To pass laws, nine votes out of thirteen states were necessary and an undisputed and agreed by all votes was essential to effect any basic change in the Articles. Making a central government with such weakness was deliberate because the American colonists had angrily rejected the British crowns authority to control trade and collect taxes. The governmental body created under the Articles of Confederation was basically immobilized, and there was no executive or judicial branch as well. What is more, the thirteen states had distinct political and commercial concerns and therefore a brief duration of artificial harmony among these states proved to be unsuccessful in producing a nationalized identity. What is surprising is that nine states had navies; seven printed their own currency, and the majority had tariff and customs laws. Also, New York was charging duties on ships transporting firewood or farm produce to and from neighboring states such as, New Jersey and Connecticut. When the soldiers mentioned that â€Å"New Jersey is our country, they were endorsing the prevailing emotions of other states. The insolvent state governments also contributed largely to the political turmoil of the 1780s. Hamilton harshly attacked the Articles of Confederation when he stated in Federalist No. 9 that the states promoted little, jealous, clashing, tumultuous commonwealths, the wretched nurseries of unceasing discord. Madison when writing Federalist No. 10 had the insolvent states in mind as well because he portrays the requirement to secure the national